The substitution of biomass for fossil fuels in energy consumption is a measure to mitigate global warming, as well as having other advantages. Political action plans for increased use exist at both European and national levels. This paper briefly reviews the contents of recommendations, guidelines, and other synthesis publications on sustainable use of forest biomass for energy. Topics are listed and an overview of advantages, disadvantages, and trade-offs between them is given, from the viewpoint of society in general and the forestry and energy sectors in particular. For the Nordic and Baltic countries, the paper also identifies the extent to which wood for energy is included in forest legislation and forest certification standards under the “Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification” (PEFC) and the “Forest Stewardship Council” (FSC) schemes. Energy and forest policies at EU and national levels, and European PEFC forest standards are analysed. With respect to energy policies, the utilisation of wood for energy is generally supported in forest policies, but forest legislation is seldom used as a direct tool to encourage the utilisation of wood for energy. Regulations sometimes restrict use for environmental reasons. Forest certification standards include indicators directly related to the utilisation of wood for energy under several criteria, with most occurrences found under environmental criteria. Roles and problems in relation to policy, legislation, certification standards, recommendations and guidelines, and science are discussed.

Sustainable utilisation of forest biomass for energy - possibilities and problems: policy, legislation, certification, and recommendations and guidelines in the Nordic, Baltic, and other European countries.

The wood biomass obtained from four tree species: spruce, beech, willow and alder was studied. Sawdust obtained by sawing of wood was dried in a convective dryer at 80 °C, without drying-agent flow. The measurements taken with oven-drying method covered determination of initial moisture and its detailed changes during entire drying process. Both DSC curves and spectral data from infrared spectra registered in the classic MIR range were also used to monitor change in water content in studied samples within entire drying process. Results obtained suggest that the DSC curves can be efficiently used as a discriminant to distinguish dry and wet biomass samples, as significant differences within courses of specific DSC curves of woody biomass before and after drying process occurred. Calorimetrically measured values of enthalpy of evaporation of water and water content in studied biomass samples were directly proportional to high determination coefficient, i.e. 0.9653. Statistical analysis proved quantitative directly proportional correlation between content of water measured with oven-drying method and IR spectral data of studied samples.

/pdf/wood-biomass-characterization-by-dsc-or-ft-ir-spectroscopy-4dtnnywgay.pdf

Wood biomass characterization by DSC or FT-IR spectroscopy

Bio-methanol potential in Indonesia: Forest biomass as a source of bio-energy that reduces carbon emissions

Norwegian mountain forests represent interesting sources of wood biomass for bioenergy. This case study gives a life cycle assessment of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs of forest management, harvest and transport operations in the mountainous areas of Hedmark and Oppland counties in Norway. Low-intensity forest management characterizes the study sites. The study shows that transportation to the terminal is the operation with the highest GHG impacts in the examined supply chain and that the bundling of forest residues has the highest financial cost. The mountain forest system analyzed emits 17,600 g CO2e per solid cubic meter over bark. Transportation to the terminal accounts for 31% of the emissions and 23% of the costs, while bundling accounts for 25% of the total emissions and 19% of the total costs. The study shows that there is a considerable quantity of woody biomass available for bioenergy purpose from mountain areas. In the short term, it is possible to integrate harvesting of...

/pdf/bioenergy-from-mountain-forest-a-life-cycle-assessment-of-9s1f6jqo2l.pdf

Bioenergy from mountain forest: a life cycle assessment of the Norwegian woody biomass supply chain.

Renewable Energy Sources investments are scaling up across the Mediterranean region. The small scale utilization of the forest biomass for bioenergy purposes could boost the socio-economic benefits in a decentralized level, tackle the energy poverty and reduce the forest fire risk. This research contributes to a more sustainable use of the forest biomass for bioenergy purposes. From plant tissues analysis was proven that both macronutrients and micronutrients are being allocated differently between the aboveground biomass parts. This knowledge of content differentiation and distribution of nutrients in aboveground biomass contributed to the creation of hierarchy content of significance and protection of those parts. The foliage is the main carrier of the macronutrients. The bark of the stem and the foliage are the main carriers of the micronutrients. Thus, foliage extraction should be strictly prevented. In addition, the stem should be extracted without the bark. The leaves and the stem bark are vital ecosystem's residues. Further analyses reveal remarkable knowledge for the integration of suitable silvicultural treatments for ecological managing of coppice forests, for the sustainability criteria of forest energy harvesting and the ecosystems' nutrient balance. Accordingly, practical implications are presented. The ecological restrictions of the present research can shape an ecological and modern legislation framework as regards the forest biomass extraction for energy purposes in Greece and enhance in parallel the forest management policy in the Mediterranean region. Finally, future challenges are presented.

Ecological restrictions in forest biomass extraction for a sustainable renewable energy production

The strategy of bioenergy programs is to assist participants in expanding the use of economical, environmentally-sound bioenergy technologies. IEA Bioenergy was set up to facilitate, coordinate and maintain bioenergy research, development and demonstration through international cooperation and information exchange.

Rationale for Forest Energy Production

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Rationale for Forest Energy Production