https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/14695142/2002JBiotechnolvdMaarel.pdf

Properties and applications of starch-converting enzymes of the α-amylase family

Although many methods for enzyme immobilization have been described in patents and publications, relatively few processes employing immobilized enzymes have been successfully commercialized. The cost of most industrial enzymes is often only a minor component in overall process economics, and in these instances, the additional costs associated with enzyme immobilization are often not justified. More commonly the benefit realized from enzyme immobilization relates to the process advantages that an immobilized catalyst offers, for example, enabling continuous production, improved stability and the absence of the biocatalyst in the product stream. The development and attributes of several established and emerging industrial applications for immobilized enzymes, including high-fructose corn syrup production, pectin hydrolysis, debittering of fruit juices, interesterification of food fats and oils, biodiesel production, and carbon dioxide capture are reviewed herein, highlighting factors that define the advantages of enzyme immobilization.

Industrial use of immobilized enzymes

https://escholarship.org/content/qt5vj8413q/qt5vj8413q.pdf?t=ptt3h0

Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome

The isomerization of glucose into fructose is a large-scale reaction for the production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS; reaction performed by enzyme catalysts) and recently is being considered as an intermediate step in the possible route of biomass to fuels and chemicals. Here, it is shown that a large-pore zeolite that contains tin (Sn-Beta) is able to isomerize glucose to fructose in aqueous media with high activity and selectivity. Specifically, a 10% (wt/wt) glucose solution containing a catalytic amount of Sn-Beta (1∶50 Sn:glucose molar ratio) gives product yields of approximately 46% (wt/wt) glucose, 31% (wt/wt) fructose, and 9% (wt/wt) mannose after 30  min and 12 min of reaction at 383 K and 413 K, respectively. This reactivity is achieved also when a 45 wt% glucose solution is used. The properties of the large-pore zeolite greatly influence the reaction behavior because the reaction does not proceed with a medium-pore zeolite, and the isomerization activity is considerably lower when the metal centers are incorporated in ordered mesoporous silica (MCM-41). The Sn-Beta catalyst can be used for multiple cycles, and the reaction stops when the solid is removed, clearly indicating that the catalysis is occurring heterogeneously. Most importantly, the Sn-Beta catalyst is able to perform the isomerization reaction in highly acidic, aqueous environments with equivalent activity and product distribution as in media without added acid. This enables Sn-Beta to couple isomerizations with other acid-catalyzed reactions, including hydrolysis/isomerization or isomerization/dehydration reaction sequences [starch to fructose and glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) demonstrated here].

/pdf/tin-containing-zeolites-are-highly-active-catalysts-for-the-59hiazraqa.pdf

Tin-containing zeolites are highly active catalysts for the isomerization of glucose in water

^1H and ^(13)C NMR spectroscopy on isotopically labeled glucose reveals that in the presence of tin-containing zeolite Sn-Beta, the isomerization reaction of glucose in water proceeds by way of an intramolecular hydride shift (see scheme) rather than proton transfer. This is the first mechanistic demonstration of Sn-Beta acting as a Lewis acid in a purely aqueous environment.

Mechanism of Glucose Isomerization Using a Solid Lewis Acid Catalyst in Water

Molecular and industrial aspects of glucose isomerase.

Crude methanolic extracts of 37 marine organisms (16 species of flora, 21 species of fauna) were screened for antibacterial properties against 5 strains of bacteria isolated from marine environments. Of these, 10 plant and 9 animal extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one bacterial strain. The extracts of 6 species were active against all the strains: i.e., Stoechospermum marginatum (brown algae), Cymodocea rotundata (seagrass), Petrosia sp. and Psammaplysilla purpurea (sponges), Sinularia compressa (soft coral), and Cassiopeia sp. (jellyfish). Among the plants, Padina tetrastromatica (brown algae) extract exhibited significant activity (9–11-mm inhibition zone at 500 μg per 6-mm disc) against Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas vesicularis, while the extracts of Petrosia, Psammaplysilla, and Cassiopeia were strongly active (11–13-mm inhibition zone at 500 μg per 6-mm disc) against B. circulans and P. putida. It was further confirmed that the attachment of bacterial strains on glass slides was inhibited remarkably with increasing concentrations of bioextracts of Petrosia sp. and Psammaplysilla purpurea. The present findings could form the basis for exploring the antibacterial potential of bioactive molecules from some of the marine organisms that exhibited moderate to strong antibacterial properties.

Antifouling potential of some marine organisms from India against species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas.

Crude aqueous methanol extracts obtained from 31 species of various marine organisms (including flora land faunal), were screened for their antifungal activity against food poisoning strains of Aspergillus. Seventeen species exhibited mild (+ =zone of inhibition 1–2 mm) to significant (+++ =zone of inhibition 3–5 mm) activity against one or the other strain under experiment. However, extracts of 12 species were active against all the three strains. Organisms like Salicornia brachiata(obligate halophyte), Sinularia leptocladus(Soft coral), Elysia grandifolia (Mollusks),Gorgonian sp. 2 and Haliclona sp. exhibited significant (inhibition zone of 3–5 mm) antifungal activity against one or the other strains. However,extracts of A. ilicifolius, Amphiroa sp.,Poryphyra sp., Unidentified sponge, Suberites vestigium, Sinularia compressa,Sunularia sp., Sinularia maxima, Subergorgia suberosa, Echinogorgia pseudorassopo and Sabellaria cementifera were mild (inhibition zone of 1–2 mm) to moderate(inhibition zone of 2–3 mm) active against the respective strains. The growth of A. japonicuswas significantly inhibited by the extracts ofS. leptocladus (r = 0.992, p < 0.0001)and E. grandifolia (r = 0.989, p < 0.0001).

Antifungal activity of some marine organisms from India, against food spoilage Aspergillus strains.

Background: Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been a mainstay of topical acne treatment for years. However, is frequently accompanied by cutaneous irritation and erythema. To reduce these side effects many novel drug delivery systems have been developed in the past, of which solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) demonstrate clear dominance. Hence, we developed a facile method to prepare stable SLN of BPO and evaluated their anti-bacterial activity. Results: BPO-SLN optimized using 23 full factorial design provided high occlusion factor, low permeation rate, increased drug deposition, reduced skin irritation and strong anti-bacterial activity in contrast with marketed product. Conclusion: Desired goals were achieved by factorial design approach in shortest possible time with minimum number of experiments. The developed BPO-SLN system provided controlled drug release, thereby reducing the well-known side effects.

Skin delivery aspects of benzoyl peroxide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for acne treatment.

The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from tryptophan (Trp) to folic acid (FA) in aqueous sodiumdodecyl sulphate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and Brij-35 as well as deionised water was investigated using steady state and time resolved fluorescence techniques. The data obtained from steady state fluorescence spectral studies and time resolved measurement indicated that the FRET from Trp to FA occurred most effectively in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate micellar solutions. The distance between Trp and FA were evaluated. Binding constant, number of binding sites and thermodynamic parameters were determined for Trp-FA interactions in deionised water. The values of the thermodynamic parameters suggest that the hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding are the key interacting forces between Trp-FA interaction.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer from tryptophan to folic acid in micellar media and deionised water.

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