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Data-driven Science and Machine Learning Methods in Laser-Plasma Physics

Progress and prospects in nonlinear extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray optics and spectroscopy

Plasma wakefield accelerators can be driven either by intense laser pulses (LWFA) or by intense particle beams (PWFA). A third approach that combines the complementary advantages of both types of plasma wakefield accelerator has been established with increasing success over the last decade and is called hybrid LWFA→PWFA. Essentially, a compact LWFA is exploited to produce an energetic, high-current electron beam as a driver for a subsequent PWFA stage, which, in turn, is exploited for phase-constant, inherently laser-synchronized, quasi-static acceleration over extended acceleration lengths. The sum is greater than its parts: the approach not only provides a compact, cost-effective alternative to linac-driven PWFA for exploitation of PWFA and its advantages for acceleration and high-brightness beam generation, but extends the parameter range accessible for PWFA and, through the added benefit of co-location of inherently synchronized laser pulses, enables high-precision pump/probing, injection, seeding and unique experimental constellations, e.g., for beam coordination and collision experiments. We report on the accelerating progress of the approach achieved in a series of collaborative experiments and discuss future prospects and potential impact.

/pdf/progress-in-hybrid-plasma-wakefield-acceleration-151mhvup.pdf

Progress in Hybrid Plasma Wakefield Acceleration

We present a general adaptive latent space tuning approach for improving the robustness of machine learning tools with respect to time variation and distribution shift. We demonstrate our approach by developing an encoder-decoder convolutional neural network-based virtual 6D phase space diagnostic of charged particle beams in the HiRES ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) compact particle accelerator with uncertainty quantification. Our method utilizes model-independent adaptive feedback to tune a low-dimensional 2D latent space representation of ∼1 million dimensional objects which are the 15 unique 2D projections (x,y),...,(z,p_{z}) of the 6D phase space (x,y,z,p_{x},p_{y},p_{z}) of the charged particle beams. We demonstrate our method with numerical studies of short electron bunches utilizing experimentally measured UED input beam distributions.

Adaptive autoencoder latent space tuning for more robust machine learning beyond the training set for six-dimensional phase space diagnostics of a time-varying ultrafast electron-diffraction compact accelerator.

We describe a simple scheme, truncated-channel injection, to inject electrons directly into the wakefield driven by a drive pulse guided by an all-optical plasma channel. We use this approach to generate dark-current-free 1.2 GeV, 4.5 % relative energy spread electron bunches with 120 TW laser pulses guided in a 110-mm-long hydrodynamic optical-field-ionized (HOFI) plasma channel. Our experiments and particle-in-cell simulations show that high-quality electron bunches were only obtained when the drive pulse was closely aligned with the channel axis, and was focused close to the density down-ramp formed at the channel entrance. Start-to-end simulations of the channel formation, and electron injection and acceleration show that increasing the channel length to 410 mm would yield 3.65 GeV bunches, with a slice energy spread $\sim 5 \times 10^{-4}$.

pdf/all-optical-gev-electron-bunch-generation-in-a-laser-plasma-ko71kvsiym.pdf

All-Optical GeV Electron Bunch Generation in a Laser-Plasma Accelerator via Truncated-Channel Injection

Abstract Free-electron lasers generate high-brilliance coherent radiation at wavelengths spanning from the infrared to the X-ray domains. The recent development of short-wavelength seeded free-electron lasers now allows for unprecedented levels of control on longitudinal coherence, opening new scientific avenues such as ultra-fast dynamics on complex systems and X-ray nonlinear optics. Although those devices rely on state-of-the-art large-scale accelerators, advancements on laser-plasma accelerators, which harness gigavolt-per-centimetre accelerating fields, showcase a promising technology as compact drivers for free-electron lasers. Using such footprint-reduced accelerators, exponential amplification of a shot-noise type of radiation in a self-amplified spontaneous emission configuration was recently achieved. However, employing this compact approach for the delivery of temporally coherent pulses in a controlled manner has remained a major challenge. Here we present the experimental demonstration of a laser-plasma accelerator-driven free-electron laser in a seeded configuration, where control over the radiation wavelength is accomplished. Furthermore, the appearance of interference fringes, resulting from the interaction between the phase-locked emitted radiation and the seed, confirms longitudinal coherence. Building on our scientific achievements, we anticipate a navigable pathway to extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths, paving the way towards smaller-scale free-electron lasers, unique tools for a multitude of applications in industry, laboratories and universities. 

/pdf/seeded-free-electron-laser-driven-by-a-compact-laser-plasma-12er1s6n.pdf

Seeded free-electron laser driven by a compact laser plasma accelerator

A Method for Building up an Engine Friction Model - Assembly-based and Valid for Hot and Cold Conditions

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Seeded free-electron laser driven by a compact laser plasma accelerator

A Method for Building up an Engine Friction Model - Assembly-based and Valid for Hot and Cold Conditions