These guidelines present the basic concepts involved in the development and implementation of in vivo conservation plans for animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. The guidelines are intended for use by policy-makers in the management of animal genetic resources, managers of animal breeding organizations, persons responsible for training in management of animal genetic resources and any other stakeholders with leading roles in designing and implementing in vivo conservation programmes for animal genetic resources. Although individual breeders and livestock keepers are not the direct target audience, the guidelines include background information that is relevant for all stakeholders involved in planning conservation programmes.

In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources

Twenty percent of the world domestic animal breeds are classified as being “at risk” of extinction. Seventy percent of the mammalian breeds, for which no risk status data are available, are found in the developing world. This is a serious constraint to effective prioritization and planning of sustainable breed conservation measures, including sustainable breeding strategies. The objectives of this thesis were to develop improved approaches to characterization of sheep resources, and sustainable conservation-based sheep breeding strategies under smallholder traditional systems, taking Ethiopia as a case study. Analysis of microsatellite variation showed that geographic isolation is the primary cause of genetic differentiation among Ethiopian sheep breeds. However, there is a strong indication of adaptive divergence in morphological characters. Using a combination of microsatellite analysis and morphological divergence, we propose a classification of Ethiopian sheep into six breed groups and nine breeds. The objective of characterizing animal genetic resources is to facilitate decisions on prioritization in conservation of these resources. Our results show that a maximum-utility-strategy combining threat status, contributions to farmer livelihoods and to genetic diversity of livestock breeds should be adopted to prioritize them for conservation purposes. Such an approach balances the trade-offs between conserving breeds as insurance against future uncertainties and for current sustainable utilization. Selective breeding within indigenous livestock breeds is an option for conserving livestock breeds. Our results indicate that selective breeding can lead to significant genetic improvement under low-input systems and marginal environments. Assessment of farmers’ selective breeding objectives showed that adaptive traits are more important than or as important as production traits, indicating that sustainable animal breeding strategies require a broad definition of breeding objectives that emphasize maintaining adaptation to local circumstances and biodiversity, in addition to profitability. It is concluded that the most rational and sustainable way to conserve livestock genetic resources is to improve their competitiveness through sustainable breed improvement programs (i.e. conservation through use). To this end, community- or village-based selective breeding schemes with full participation of farmers appear to be the best option to start with.

/pdf/sheep-resources-of-ethiopia-genetic-diversity-and-breeding-2u2h5nfa9p.pdf

Sheep resources of Ethiopia : genetic diversity and breeding strategy

Este resumen analiza los factores clave que han
cambiado en el sector ganadero y hace una
evaluacion de como han influenciado la corriente
actual y las prospectivas futuras en los distintos
sistemas de produccion ganadera y mercados en el
mundo. Tambien se analizan los consiguientes
impactos sobre la gestion de los recursos
zoogeneticos para la alimentacion y la agricultura.
La tendencia se da tanto en paises industrializados
como en via de desarrollo pero las respuestas son
distintas. En los paises en via de desarrollo estas
tendencias estan afectando la capacidad ganadera
para contribuir a la mejora de la calidad de la vida y
reduccion de la pobreza, asi como la utilizacion de
los recursos naturales. En el mundo industrializado
la proximidad de la base de recursos zoogeneticos
con los sistemas de produccion ganadera industrial
plantean la necesidad de mantener un mayor rango
de recursos zoogeneticos para hacer frente a las
incertidumbres futuras, tales como el cambio
climatico y las zoonosis.
En este capitulo se discute:
� Cuales son los principales factores de cambio en
los sistemas ganaderos?
� Como responden los sistemas de produccion
ganadera a los factores de cambio a nivel
mundial?
� Cuales son las implicaciones para la diversidad
de recursos zoogeneticos y para las prospectivas
futuras de su utilizacion?
� Cuales son los pasos inmediatos que puedan
permitir la mejora de la caracterizacion de los
recursos zoogeneticos, su utilizacion y
conservacion?
Sobre la base de un reciente analisis de la
situacion actual, la perdida de razas indigenas y el
nuevo desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnologia,
existen distintas acciones complementarias que
pueden empezar a ayudar a mejorar la gestion de
los recursos zoogeneticos y mantener opciones
futuras en un mundo lleno de incertidumbres.
Tales acciones se resumen asi:
� Fomentar la continua utilizacion sostenible de
razas tradicionales.
� Permitir el acceso y movimiento para venta de
recursos zoogeneticos dentro y entre paises.
� Conocer la relacion entre poblaciones
ganaderas, razas y genes con el entorno fisico,
biologico y economico.
� Conservar stocks para hacer frente a
incertidumbres futuras.
La incertidumbre sobre las implicaciones de
cambios rapidos, multifaceticos y globales para
cada sistema de produccion ganadera y los
consiguientes cambios futuros en la demanda de
recursos zoogeneticos requieren una accion
colectiva para hacer frente a la conservacion de
recursos zoogeneticos a largo plazo como bien
publico mundial. La conservacion de los
recursos zoogeneticos por si sola no resolvera los
problemas pero es un paso importante para
mantener las opciones futuras.

http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoINFO/AGRICULT/AGAInfo/programmes/en/genetics/documents/Interlaken/scientific-forum/Dynamics.pdf

Dynamics of livestock production systems, drivers of change and prospects for animal genetic resources

Indigenous chickens (IC) in developing countries provide a useful resource to detect novel genes in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Here, we investigated the nature and level of genetic diversity in IC from five distinct regions of Sri Lanka using a PCR-based resequencing method. Additionally, we investigated the relatedness of IC to different species of junglefowls including Ceylon (CJF; Gallus lafayetti), a subspecies that is endemic to Sri Lanka, green (Gallus varius), grey (Gallus sonneratii), and red (Gallus gallus) junglefowl. A total of 140 birds including eight CJF were used to screen 613 bp of IC and 675 bp of CJF control region of the mitochondrial DNA sequence for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other variants. We detected and validated 44 SNPs, which formed 42 haplotypes and six haplogroups in IC. The SNPs observed in the CJF were distinct and the D-loop appeared to be missing a 62 bp found in IC and the red junglefowl (RJF). Among the six haplogroups of IC, only one was region-specific. Estimates of haplotype and nucleotide diversities ranged from 0.901 to 0.965 and from 0.011 to 0.013, respectively. Estimates of genetic divergence were inconsistent but generally low in all the regions. Further, variation among individuals within regions accounted for 92% of the total molecular variation among birds. The Sri Lankan indigenous chickens were more closely related to red and grey junglefowls than to CJF, suggesting a multiple origin. The molecular information on genetic diversity revealed in our study may be useful in developing genetic improvement and conservation strategies to better utilize indigenous Sri Lankan chicken resources.

/pdf/mitochondrial-dna-based-analysis-of-genetic-variation-and-ajyrry9tug.pdf

Mitochondrial DNA-based analysis of genetic variation and relatedness among Sri Lankan indigenous chickens and the Ceylon junglefowl (Gallus lafayetti).

A study was conducted to assess livestock production in relation with feed availability and quality in the Highlands and Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Peri-urban dairy production system from Highland and mixed crop-livestock production system from Central Rift Valley were considered for the study. The Highland peri-urban study sites were Debre Birhan, Jimma and Sebeta, while Ziway was considered from Central Rift Valley. Purposive sampling was employed to select target farms. Structured questionnaire, focused group discussions, secondary data sources and field observations were employed to generate data. A total of 60 farmers from Highland system (Debre Birhan=20, Jimma=20 and Sebeta=20) were selected for the study. The farms were further stratified into small and medium herd size. Similarly, a total of 60 livestock owners were selected from Ziway area. Samples of major feed resources were collected from both systems and their chemical composition was determined. The result of the study indicated that both natural pastures and crop residues were the main basal diets in Central Rift Valley system, while grass hay was the main basal diet in the Highland system. About 58 and 90% of the respondents face feed shortage during dry season in the Highlands and Central Rift Valley production system, respectively. Fifty percent of the respondents in Ziway area indicated feed shortage due to encroachment of crop farming into grazing lands. Among the Highland system, 60 and 40 % of the dairy farmers in Debre Birhan described that grazing lands are converted into croplands and expensive market price of concentrate feeds, respectively, as the main problems of feed supply. About 80 and 55% of the dairy farmers at Jimma and Sebeta, respectively, indicated that commercial feeds are not available sufficiently in the market. Laboratory analysis of major feed resources indicated that hay had CP content of 6.1%, grazing pasture 7.2% and crop residues varied from 3.1 to 6.7%. In addition, crop residues had lower digestibility (47%) and its energy value ranged from 6.5-7.9 MJ/kg DM.

/pdf/livestock-production-systems-in-relation-with-feed-4mvaeprxvo.pdf

Livestock Production Systems in Relation with Feed Availability in the Highlands and Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Sixty-three experts from 28 countries and eight international organizations met for four days in Montpellier, France, in November 2005 to review the options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources (FAnGR) and to identify priorities for action. The workshop focused primarily on the technical needs and opportunities and placed less emphasis on policy and institutional issues, although findings on such issues did arise naturally from many of the conclusions drawn. The workshop resulted in 11 major findings and 13 priorities for action. The workshop also identified four broad areas where information and knowledge were lacking. The findings and priorities for action are listed here in the executive summary and each is explained in more detail in the body of this report. They are presented in the order developed by the workshop. Participants did not attempt to rank the findings and actions. (Resume d'auteur)

Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources

Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources. Report of an International Workshop, AGROPOLIS, Montpellier, France, 7-10 November, 2005.

Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources. Report of an international workshop

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Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources

Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources. Report of an International Workshop, AGROPOLIS, Montpellier, France, 7-10 November, 2005.

Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources. Report of an international workshop