Characteristic dynamic features of sediment-related processes in rivers include dramatic effects of stormwater events on particle transport, rapid and far-reaching effects of sulphide oxidation during resuspension, and biological accumulation and potential release of toxic chemicals. Pollutant mobility is the net result of the stabilizing and mobilizing effects in both hydraulic and chemical fields. In practice, emphasis has to be given to fine-grained sediments and suspended matter as these materials exhibit large surface areas and high sorption capacities. Organic materials are highly reactive. Degradation of organic matter will induce oxygen depletion and might enhance formation of flocs and biofilms. Study of variations of sediment and water chemistry should predominantly include changes of pH and redox conditions, competition of dissolved ions and processes such as complexation by organic substances. Major questions relate to the potential reduction of sorption sites on minerals and degradation of organic carrier materials. All these processes will influence solution/solid equilibrium conditions and have to be studied prior to modelling the overall effects of pollutants on the water body and aquatic ecosystems. With respect to handling and remediation of contaminated river sediments, either in-place or excavated, a chemical and biological characterization of the material, of the (disposal) site and of the long-term processes is crucial. Passive techniques (e.g. in-situ stabilization, subaqueous capping) provide economic advantages as there are no operation costs following their installation. However, the success of these ecological and geochemical engineering approaches is mainly based on an in-depth knowledge of the underlying processes.

Sediment dynamics and pollutant mobility in rivers: An interdisciplinary approach

Hydroclimatology provides a systematic structure for analysing how the climate system causes time and space variations (both global and local) in the hydrologic cycle. Changes in the relationship between the climate system and the hydrologic cycle underlie floods, drought and possible future influences of global warming on water resources. Land-based data, satellite data, and computer models contribute to our understanding of the complex time and space variations of physical processes shared by the climate system and the hydrologic cycle. Blending key information from the fields of climatology and hydrology - which are not often found in a single volume - this is an ideal textbook for students in atmospheric science, hydrology, Earth and environmental science, geography, and environmental engineering. It is also a useful reference for academic researchers in these fields.

Hydroclimatology: Perspectives and Applications

This study investigates the utility of satellite-based rainfall estimates in simulating flash floods in Karpuz River Basin, Turkey, characterized by limited rain gauge network. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) product was evaluated with the rain gauge network at daily and monthly time-scales considering seasonality, elevation zones, extreme events and rainfall intensity thresholds. Statistical analysis indicated that GSMaP shows acceptable linear correlation coefficient with rain gauges, however, suffers from significant underestimation bias. Statistical measures exhibited a remarkable deterioration with increasing elevation-following a linear relationship; for example, percent bias was found to increase by a rate of 11.7% with every 400 m interval. A multiplicative bias correction scheme was devised, and Hydrological River Basin Environmental Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) was implemented to simulate flash floods driven by the uncorrected/corrected GSMaP data. Analysis of intensity thresholds revealed that appropriate threshold selection is critically important for the bias correction procedure. The hydrological model was calibrated for flash flood events during October–December 2007 and 2012 and validated during October–December, 2009 and 2010. Flash floods simulations were improved by the local bias correction procedure applied to the GSMaP data, but the degree of improvement varied from one period to another. The results of the study indicate that bias factors incorporating multiple variables such as extreme events and elevation variability have the potential to further improve flood simulations.

Evaluation and Bias Correction of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates for Modelling Flash Floods over the Mediterranean region: Application to Karpuz River Basin, Turkey

Large-Scale Human Intervention and Estimation of Flood Susceptibility Applying Frequency Ratio Model

Banjir sering berlaku di seluruh dunia terrnasuklah Malaysia. Banjir adalah limpahan atau kenaikan paras air yang berlaku dalam tempoh masa tertentu dan bersifat sementara. Hampir setiap tahun Malaysia mengalami
banjir besar disebabkan Monsun Timur Laut yang membawa hujan lebat ke sebelah Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia. Banjir musiman ini memberi impak dari segi kegiatan sosioekonomi terutamanya kepada penduduk yang tinggal di dataran banjir. Impak banjir ini lebih menekankan kepada kehilanagn boleh dikesan (tangible loss) iaitu melibatkan kesan langsung dan
kesan tidak langsung. Kehilangan tidak dapat dikesan (intangible loss) tidak dibincangkan kerana sukar ditunjukkan. Kesan langsung yang dialami ialah kemusnahan harta benda, pertanian, ternakan, kemudahan awam serta
pencemaran lumpur dan sampah sarap, Manakala kesan tidak langsung pula menekankan kepada kesulitan untuk pergi bekerja dan ke sekolah, aktiviti sosial tergendala, pengangkutan dan perhubungan luar terjejas serta pendapatan merosot. Selain itu bantuan yang diberikan turut mempengaruhi sosioekonomi penduduk. Oleh itu beberapa langkah perlu diambil bagi mengatasi masalah ini dan mengurangkan impak banjir pada masa akan datang.

Impak banjir kepada sosioekonomi penduduk: Kajian kes Hulu Setiu, Terengganu

A flood is an overflowing of water from rivers onto land not usually submerged. Floods also occur when water levels of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, aquifers and estuaries exceed some critical value and inundate the adjacent land, or when the sea surges on coastal lands much above the average sea level. Nevertheless, floods are a natural phenomenon important to the life cycle of many biota, not the least of which is mankind. Floods became a problem as humans began establishing farms and cities in the bottom-lands of streams and rivers. In doing so, they not only exposed their lives and properties to the ravages of floods, but also exacerbated floods by paving the soil and constructing the stream channels. Over time, continued urbanisation of natural floodplains has caused great annual losses of both wealth and human life. In this way, in many countries and regions of the World, floods are the most costly hazards in terms of both loss of human lives and material damage.

Flood Hazard Assessment and Mitigation

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Flood Hazard Assessment and Mitigation