In order to increase the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells, their absorption spectrum should be broadened while maintaining efficient exciton harvesting. This requires the use of multiple complementary absorbers, usually incorporated in tandem cells or in cascaded exciton-dissociating heterojunctions. Here we present a simple three-layer architecture comprising two non-fullerene acceptors and a donor, in which an energy-relay cascade enables an efficient two-step exciton dissociation process. Excitons generated in

/pdf/8-4-efficient-fullerene-free-organic-solar-cells-exploiting-ie3m9x9ozu.pdf

8.4% efficient fullerene-free organic solar cells exploiting long-range exciton energy transfer

Stretchable conductive fi bers have received signifi cant attention due to their possibility of being utilized in wearable and foldable electronics. Here, highly stretchable conductive fi ber composed of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) embedded in a styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) elastomeric matrix is fabricated. An AgNW-embedded SBS fi ber is fabricated by a simple wet spinning method. Then, the AgNPs are formed on both the surface and inner region of the AgNW-embedded fi ber via repeated cycles of silver precursor absorption and reduction processes. The AgNW-embedded conductive fi ber exhibits superior initial electrical conductivity ( σ 0 = 2450 S cm −1 ) and elongation at break (900% strain) due to the high weight percentage of the conductive fi llers and the use of a highly stretchable SBS elastomer matrix. During the stretching, the embedded AgNWs act as conducting bridges between AgNPs, resulting in the preservation of electrical conductivity under high strain (the rate of conductivity degradation, σ / σ 0 = 4.4% at 100% strain). The AgNW-embedded conductive fi bers show the strain-sensing behavior with a broad range of applied tensile strain. The AgNW reinforced highly stretchable conductive fi bers can be embedded into a smart glove for detecting sign language by integrating fi ve composite fi bers in the glove, which can successfully perceive human motions.

Ag Nanowire Reinforced Highly Stretchable Conductive Fibers for Wearable Electronics

Subphthalocyanines, subporphyrazines, and subporphyrins: singular nonplanar aromatic systems.

The use of non-fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices could lead to enhanced efficiencies due to increased open-circuit voltage (VOC) and improved absorption of solar light. Here we systematically investigate planar heterojunction devices comprising peripherally substituted subphthalocyanines as acceptors and correlate the device performance with the heterojunction energetics. As a result of a balance between VOC and the photocurrent, tuning of the interface energy gap is necessary to optimize the power conversion efficiency in these devices. In addition, we explore the role of the charge transport layers in the device architecture. It is found that non-fullerene acceptors require adjusted buffer layers with aligned electron transport levels to enable efficient charge extraction, while the insertion of an exciton-blocking layer at the anode interface further boosts photocurrent generation. These adjustments result in a planar-heterojunction OPV device with an efficiency of 6.9% and a VO...

Energy Level Tuning of Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells

A comprehensive review concerning the geometry, the manufacturing technologies, the materials, and the numerical techniques, adopted for the analysis and design of wideband and ultrawideband (UWB) antennas for wireless applications, is presented. Planar, printed, dielectric, and wearable antennas, achievable on laminate (rigid and flexible), and textile dielectric substrates are taken into account. The performances of small, low-profile, and dielectric resonator antennas are illustrated paying particular attention to the application areas concerning portable devices (mobile phones, tablets, glasses, laptops, wearable computers, etc.) and radio base stations. This information provides a guidance to the selection of the different antenna geometries in terms of bandwidth, gain, field polarization, time-domain response, dimensions, and materials useful for their realization and integration in modern communication systems.

/pdf/wideband-and-uwb-antennas-for-wireless-applications-a-1yabyj5rhz.pdf

Wideband and UWB Antennas for Wireless Applications: A Comprehensive Review

We propose the use of high strength, metal-coated Kevlar yarns to weave flexible, conformal, and load-bearing antennas for an emerging class of applications emphasizing multiple functionality. In particular, here we present a unified, quantitative analysis of multiple properties of conductors as load-bearing materials in stress-, weight-, and shape-critical applications (e.g., in aerial vehicles), suggesting advantageous electrical conductor configurations to be metal-coated, multi-filament, high strength fibers. We then describe the fabrication of highly conductive metal coated Kevlar yarns, their mechanical and electrical properties, and the weaving of a flexible, stretchable, volumetric spiral antenna. The high frequency response of the antenna is found to match that of a traditionally made antenna comprised of electroplated copper on a rigid ceramic (Rogers TMM4) substrate. At low frequencies, the relatively lower conductivity of the metal-coated kevlar yarn leads to higher resistive losses compared to the traditional electroplated copper. We discuss strategies for mitigating such losses, and other means of improvement. More broadly, the results described here suggest a novel direction for multi-functional antenna design and applications, enabled by the superior mechanical characteristics of the composite conducting fibers, and the flexible, conformable, woven antenna architectures they help achieve.

High-Strength, Metalized Fibers for Conformal Load Bearing Antenna Applications

In organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, photocurrent generation relies on exciton diffusion to the donor/acceptor heterojunction. Excitons that fail to reach the heterojunction are lost to recombination via quenching at the electrodes or relaxation in the bulk. Bulk recombination has been mitigated largely through the use of bulk heterojunctions, while quenching at the metal cathode has been previously circumvented through the introduction of exciton blocking layers that “reflect” excitons. Here, we investigate an alternative concept of a transparent exciton dissociation layer (EDL), a single layer that prevents exciton quenching at the electrode while also providing an additional interface for exciton dissociation. The additional heterojunction reduces the distance excitons must travel to dissociate, recovering the electricity-generating potential of excitons otherwise lost to heat. We model and experimentally demonstrate this concept in an archetypal subphthalocyanine/fullerene planar heterojunction OPV, generating an extra 66% of photocurrent in the donor layer (resulting in a 27% increase in short-circuit current density from 3.94 to 4.90 mA/cm2). Because the EDL relaxes the trade-off between exciton diffusion and optical absorption efficiencies in the active layers, it has broad implications for the design of OPV architectures and offers additional benefits over the previously demonstrated exciton blocking layer for photocurrent generation.

Recovering lost excitons in organic photovoltaics using a transparent dissociation layer

Modern aircraft and other vehicles often rely on carbon-fiber composites for their high strength-toweight ratio and ability to be formed into a variety of shapes. However, many of the crucial functionalities in aircraft (e.g. communications, power, etc.) are implemented using bulky and failure-prone components carrying a weight penalty. With increasing emphasis on system-wide energy efficiency and weight reduction, there is an opportunity to create novel architectures of devices and composites that combine energy harvesting, energy storage, communications and load-bearing capabilities into a single composite. Likewise, new methods are needed to fabricate such devices cost-effectively. Here we describe new fiber-based architectures for solar cells, thermal energy conversion devices, and antennas that potentially facilitate integration with structural composites. Additionally, this talk will describe recent advances in the fabrication of energy conversion devices at ambient conditions.

Novel device architectures for enabling energy harvesting, lighting, and communications functionalities in composites

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High-Strength, Metalized Fibers for Conformal Load Bearing Antenna Applications

Recovering lost excitons in organic photovoltaics using a transparent dissociation layer

Novel device architectures for enabling energy harvesting, lighting, and communications functionalities in composites