Port Phillip Bay (PPB) is a large (1,930 km2), temperate embayment in southern Victoria, Australia. Extensive bay-wide surveys of PPB have occurred since 1840. In 1995/1996 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) undertook an intensive evaluation of the region with the aims of developing a comprehensive species list of native and introduced biota and contrasting previous bay-wide assessments with a current field survey in order to detect new incursions and discern alterations to native communities. Two methods were used to meet these aims: a re-evaluation of regional museum collections and published research in PPB to identify and determine the timing of introductions; and field surveys for benthic (infauna, epifauna and encrusting) organisms between September 1995 to March 1996. One hundred and sixty introduced (99) and cryptogenic (61) species were identified representing over 13% of the recorded species of PPB. As expected, the majority of these are concentrated around the shipping ports of Geelong and Melbourne. Invasions within PPB appear to be increasing, possibly due to an increase in modern shipping traffic and an increase in aquaculture (historically associated with incidental introductions); however the records of extensive biological surveys suggest that this may, in part, be an artefact of sampling effort. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere studies, PPB (and Southern Hemisphere introductions in general) have significantly different suites of successfully invading taxa. PPB is presented as one of the most invaded marine ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere.

Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia

Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip

Populations of Ulva growing in southern Australia were examined to ascertain the taxonomic value of the range of morphological and anatomical characteristics. Cell shape and chlorplast position, as seen in transverse section of the basal region of the thallus, proved to be non-viable characters which separate the species from each other. In culture, the morphology of mature plant is constant and characteristic for each species and thus confirms the validity of the species as defined by anatomical differences. Five species of Ulva (Ulva fasciata Delile, Ulva lactuca L., Ulva laetevirens Areschoug, Ulva rigida C. Agardh, Ulva stenophylla Setchell et Gardner) occur in southern Australia. Ulva rigida C. Agardh and Ulva rigida sensu Bliding, through morphological similarities, are distinct species and the latter is referred to as U. laetevirens. The two species show marked differences in diagnostic anatomical characters and in the pattern of development in culture. Two taxa, Ulva australis Areschoug and Ulva spathulata Papenfuss, are included within U. rigida. Records of Ulva latissma L. in this geographical region probably refer to the broadly expanded morphological forms of U. rigida and U. laetevirens. The status of Phycoseris ulva Sonder, described from the West Australian specimens, is unresolved.

Field, anatomical and development studies on southern Australian species of Ulva (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta)

The green macroalgal species Caulerpa taxifolia is indigenous to tropical/subtropical Australia, ranging as far south as 28degrees and 29degrees 15' S on the Australian mainland east and west coasts, respectively. The origin of disjunct populations of the species, discovered in 2000 on the Australian mainland east coast at localities to 35degrees S remains unknown, variously attributed to introduced exotic strains or range extensions from other eastern Australian populations. Some naturally occurring Australian populations of C. taxifolia are similar to Mediterranean C. taxifolia. In Australia, large broad forms of the species, which have been known in the region since 1860, grow luxuriantly in sheltered seagrass meadows, with some of these populations tolerating minimum surface seawater temperatures in winter of 12.5 to 14.5degreesC. Accordingly, the contention that the Mediterranean has been invaded by a genetically-modified, large, cold-adapted strain of C. taxifolia may be incorrect. It is crucial that genetic markers (DNA fingerprinting, microsatellites) sensitive at the population level are used to accurately determine the genetic relatedness of C. taxifolia populations.

/pdf/how-different-is-mediterranean-caulerpa-taxifolia-9rlxzl91n7.pdf

How different is Mediterranean Caulerpa taxifolia (Caulerpales: Chlorophyta) to other populations of the species?

Dumontia contorta exemplifies a number of temperate species occurring in the N Pacific Ocean and the N Atlantic Ocean and which were probably exchanged after the opening of the Bering Seaway (3.5 MA ago); their temperature responses indicate that their passage required a 6–8°C higher summer temperature than the present one in the Arctic Ocean. Some species in the above group, for instance Desmarestia viridis, have also an amphipolar distribution. Their passage across the tropics would have required a ca 5°C lowering of the equatorial sea surface temperature. This same temperature lowering can explain the extinction, along the east coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, of tropical seaweeds such as Dictyosphaeria cavernosa with a W Atlantic-Indo W Pacific distribution. This lowering probably did not occur (sub)recently (for instance during Pleistocene glaciations), but earlier in the Cenozoic. We approached the question of the timing of the above temperature lowerings by estimating genetic divergence of disjunct populations of the same species or species complexes using the DNA-DNA hybridization method. Disjunct Atlantic and Pacific populations of several tropical and warm temperate species appeared to have genetically diverged in a high degree thus indicating a highly conservative morphology; this accords with their hypothetical divergence by the mid-Miocene (or earlier) closure of the Tethys Ocean. The divergence of amphipolar populations of the same species was probably more recent. Temperature changes of the sea surface predicted for the next century have a similar extent as those which have caused, in a more or less distant geologic past, profound alterations in the composition of the world’s seaweed floras.

The Geographic Distribution of Seaweed Species in Relation to Temperature: Present and Past

/pdf/port-phillip-bay-survey-2-intertidal-ecology-of-port-phillip-55cwrbt338.pdf

Port Phillip Bay Survey 2. Intertidal ecology of Port Phillip Bay with systematic lists of plants and animals

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Port Phillip Bay Survey 2. Intertidal ecology of Port Phillip Bay with systematic lists of plants and animals