Aquatic Toxicology is the study of the effects of environmental pollutants on aquatic organisms, such as pesticides especially the insecticides, on the health of fish or other aquatic organisms. Pesticides are substances used to control pests, including insects, aquatic weeds, plant diseases, and Aquatic snails that carry the cause of schistosomiasis. Pesticides have been found to be highly toxic not only to fish but also to the other organisms, which constitute the food chain. Pesticides in general, are used very extensively in agriculture, forestry, public health and in veterinary practices. Pesticides are categorized according to their target use. The three major pesticides are herbicides (weed control), insecticides (insect control), and fungicides (Mycotic control), but the more acute toxicity are insecticides.  Since fishes are important sources of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, so health of fishes is very important for human beings. Insecticides are the chemicals used to control insects by killing or preventing them from engaging in unwanted behaviors or destructive. The contamination of surface waters by insecticides is known to have ill effects on the growth, survival and reproduction of aquatic animals. Different concentrations of insecticides are present in many types of waste water and numerous studies have found them to be toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish species.  Application of insecticides used for control a wide variety of insectivorous and herbaceous pests which would otherwise diminish the quantity and quality of food production. Unfortunately, in spite of its advantages, chemistry has great disadvantages as well as insecticides are threatening the long-term survival of major ecosystems by disruption of ecological relationships between organisms and loss of biodiversity. The major Chemical groups of insecticides that are usually applied Organophosphate, Carbamates, Organochlorine, Pyrethroids, and Necotenoides. The insecticidal residues which contaminate the water are mainly due to the intensive agriculture combined with surface runoff and surface drainage, usually within a few weeks after application. Insecticides lead to decrease rate of growth, reproductive disorders. Also, cause spinal deformities and histopathological changes in gills, liver, hematopoietic tissue such as spleen, head of the kidney and renal tubules, endocrine tissues as well as brain, neurological, behavioral disorder and genetic defect are other biological indicators of exposure to insecticides. Fishes are particularly sensitive to the environmental contamination of water. Hence, these pollutants such as insecticides may significantly damage certain physiology and biochemical processes that different kinds of insecticides can cause serious impairment to physiological and health status of fishes. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors, supplying approximately 40% of the world's fish food. Besides such benefit to the society, the industry does have its problems. Potentially harmful substances are often release into the aquatic environment. When is the launch of large quantities of pollutants there might be an immediate impact as measured by mortality the sudden large-scale aquaculture, for example, fish kills caused by pollution of water ways with agricultural pesticides. Lower levels of discharge may result in accumulation of pollutants in aquatic organisms. The final results, which may occur after a long period has passed pollutants through the environment, and include immune suppression, low metabolism, and damage to the gills and epithelia. This review presents further information concerning effects (Acute, sub chronic and chronic) of the different concentrations of pesticides (including insecticides) on various aspects of fish's biology and physiology. Also, depicts behavior, genetic and immune system of fish. The information given in this review facilitates the evaluation of potential toxic hazard resulting from exposure to different levels of these compounds. Data could be acquired useful in environmental risk assessment of freshwater organisms and marine. The histopathological changes in fish tissues used as a biological indicator for pollution with pesticides with special reference to insecticides. Finally, Protection of wildlife and water quality is possible when rationalize the use of pesticides. Also, when Pesticides must choosing judiciously and are used in combination with other pest management tools, and applied safely, the surface water pollution and contamination of our aquatic life could be avoided.

Pesticides Toxicity in fish with particular reference to Insecticides

Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus are the most commercially exploited fishes in the Yamuna River, India. Study was undertaken during the period from August 2011 to July 2012 from the lower stretch of the Yamuna River. Analysis of the annual data on fish landing showed that Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio have powerfully invaded the site due to poor water quality in the lower stretch of the Yamuna River at Allahabad in a big way. The estimated annual catch was dominated by O. niloticus followed by C. carpio and miscellaneous group as and they contributed for 24.36%, 21.76% and 15.22%, respectively. In case of Indian major carps, Cirrhinus mrigala shared maximum illegible with a contribution of 6.28%. The size composition of C. carpio varied from 10.4 to 69.7 cm while O. niloticus from 10.4-44.5 cm size groups rephrase. The 25.1-30.0 cm size group of C. carpio contributed maximum in the stock (16.03%) and in case of O. niloticus size group 22.1-25.0 cm shared maximum exploitation with 17.05%. The 0+ to 11+ age composition was recorded for C. carpio but in case of O. niloticus only 0+ to 6+ age groups recorded. The urn shaped age pyramid was recorded in both fishes. Unfortunately once C. carpio and O. niloticus establish a breeding population they are extremely difficult to eliminate in the open water. For conservation point of view C. carpio and O. niloticus species should be monitored in the Yamuna River. Both species are very harmful for fish biodiversity and abundance of indigenous fish species in the Yamuna River.

The River as Transformed by Human Activities: The Rise of the Invader Potential of Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus from the Yamuna River, India

1. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. Email: goren@cc.huji.ac.il 2. The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290000, Israel. 3. National Natural History Collections, Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. 4. Sharma Centre for Heritage Education, 28, I Main Road, C.I.T. Colony, Mylapore, Chennai 600004, Tamil Nadu, India. Email:akhilarchaeo@gmail.com / sharmaheritage@gmail.com 5. Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Centre, Pune 411006, India

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Beneath Still Waters – Multistage Aquatic Exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian

The present status of ichthyofaunal diversity of river Ganga India: Synthesis of present v/s past

This study assesses the influence of water quality on fish occurrences in Sungai Pahang, Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia. Water quality and fish samplings were conducted at seven sampling sites in the district for 13 consecutive months. We used canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) to determine the influence of water quality on monthly fish species occurrences. The ranges of water quality parameters were quite high considering the measurements were made during rainy and dry seasons throughout the year. A total of 2,075 individual fish was captured which comprised of 22 different families and 65 species. Family Cyprinidae recorded the highest number of fish species of the area (27 species; 41.5%), followed by Bagridae (five species; 7.69%) and Pangasiidae (five species; 7.69%). Three fish species categorized as endangered, including Balantiocheilos melanopterus, Probarbus jullieni and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus were also collected. The collected fish species were divided into three groups (A to C), which was clearly separated in the CCA ordination diagram. The most important water quality variables for the fish occurrences in this river were pH, followed by temperature, conductivity, alkalinity and phosphate. Data analysis indicates that the occurrence of fishes were influenced by a combination of water quality parameters, but not associated with sampling month. The results present a new data from a study of fish assemblage and their habitat condition which may be important in fisheries activity and fish conservation of the river in the future.

/pdf/water-quality-influences-on-fish-occurrences-in-sungai-1yuxpigv5p.pdf

Water quality influences on fish occurrences in Sungai Pahang, Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia

Monthly surveys of local fisheries from five principal landing sites on the River Ganges at Bhagalpur, India, were conducted from 2001 to 2007. Fishes of a range of sizes with mostly periodic-type life-history strat- egies, including many catfishes and carps, dominated the catch. Average annual yield (total mean monthly catch in units of biomass) was highly variable but trended downward during the study. Statistical ordination revealed associations between assemblage composition and hydrological seasons. Overall yields in this reach of the River Ganges tended to be greatest when the annual flood pulse was sustained longer. Patterns of average stock yields and inter-annual variability of yields were associated with species life-history strategies, with the most abundant and least variable species having periodic-type strategies of seasonal spawning, high fecundity, small eggs and no parental care. Although not appearing to have declined precipitously during the study, many stocks in this stretch of the River Ganges, including those of the largest and most valuable species, nonetheless seemed to remain below historical yield levels because of multiple impacts, including chronic intense fishing and other anthropogenic impacts.

Compositional trends of fisheries in the River Ganges, India

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Compositional trends of fisheries in the River Ganges, India