This review is intended to give an overview of recent results on plasma-assisted ignition and combustion. The influence of electrical discharges on combustion processes is introduced, and the excited species and radicals present in large quantity in the plasma are detailed. A description of theoretical problems related to modeling plasma-assisted combustion is given, elucidating the role of excited states in enhancing the reaction rates. Then some experiments are reported, focused on fundamental aspects on the effects of high pressure discharges in improving the ignition of combustion. To conclude, some applications for plasma-assisted combustion and detonation are presented, activated by different kinds of discharges.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00240-2.pdf

Non-equilibrium plasma for ignition and combustion enhancement

Plasma chemistry is a quite new discipline, widely utilized in the last few years for different technological applications. Plasma chemistry started its life many years ago with the use of electrical arcs for the oxidation of nitrogen to NO. Its life continued for many years on a phenomenological basis: only recently has it achieved a position of true science by mixing methodologies stemming from both chemistry and physics. It is practically impossible to quote all the applications of plasma chemistry: to a first approximation we can distinguish plasma chemistry carried out under equilibrium conditions and under nonequilibrium ones. In the first case one can use thermodynamics for estimating the chemical composition of the medium under study and concepts derived from the kinetic theory of gases for estimating the transport properties of the medium. This approach has been discussed in several papers and applies to plasmas continuously running at atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, in these last years, a large effort has been devoted to the understanding of plasmas under nonequilibrium conditions, i.e., under conditions in which the electron energy distribution functions (eedf) are not Maxwellian, and the distributions among the internal degrees of freedom of molecules are non-Boltzmann. Thesemore » conditions are typically met in plasma technology (plasma etching, plasma deposition, plasma treatment of materials), in gas discharge lasers (IR and excimer lasers), in the production of neutral and negative ion beams, in plasma ecology for the destruction of atmospheric pollutants, and in general in those plasmas in which the molecular component plays an essential role. 177 refs., 18 figs., 1 tab.« less

Needs for cross sections in plasma chemistry

Electrical breakdown by the application of an electric field occurs more easily in hot gases than in cold gases because of the extra electron-species interactions that occur as a result of dissociation, ionization and excitation at higher temperature. This paper discusses some overlooked physics and clarifies inaccuracies in the evaluation of the effective ionization coefficients and the critical reduced breakdown electric field of CO2 at elevated temperature, considering the influence of excited states and ion kinetics. The critical reduced breakdown electric field is obtained by balancing electron generation and loss mechanisms using the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) derived from the Boltzmann transport equation under the two-term approximation. The equilibrium compositions of the hot gas mixtures are determined based on Gibbs free energy minimization considering the ground states as well as vibrationally and electronically excited states as independent species, which follow a Boltzmann distribution with a fixed excitation temperature. The interaction cross sections between electrons and the excited species, not reported previously, are properly taken into account. Furthermore, the ion kinetics, including electron–ion recombination, associative electron detachment, charge transfer and ion conversion into stable negative ion clusters, are also considered. Our results indicate that the excited species lead to a greater population of high-energy electrons at higher gas temperature and this affects the Townsend rate coefficients (i.e. of electron impact ionization and attachment), but the critical reduced breakdown electric field strength of CO2 is only affected when also properly accounting for the ion kinetics. Indeed, the latter greatly influences the effective ionization coefficients and hence the critical reduced breakdown electric field at temperatures above 1500 K. The rapid increase of the dissociative electron attachment cross-section of molecular oxygen with rising vibrational quantum number leads to a larger electron loss rate and this enhances the critical reduced breakdown electric field strength in the temperature range where the concentration of molecular oxygen is relatively high. The results obtained in this work show reasonable agreement with experimental results from literature, and are important for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of CO2 in a highly reactive environment at elevated temperature.

/pdf/effective-ionisation-coefficients-and-critical-breakdown-134zm3hqyg.pdf

Effective ionisation coefficients and critical breakdown electric field of CO2 at elevated temperature: effect of excited states and ion kinetics

Plasma Modeling: Methods and Applications presents and discusses the different approaches that can be adopted for plasma modeling, giving details about theoretical and numerical methods. The book is intended to assist and direct students and researchers, who want to develop research activity in the field of plasma physics, in the choice of the best model for the problem of interest. The book is organised in three parts. The first describes kinetic models used in plasma investigations, consisting of the solution of the Boltzmann equation using different approaches. The second part develops the theory of fluid equations and of hybrid models, and the third part is devoted to applications, considering some practical problems of interest in different fields.

Plasma Modeling- Methods and Applications

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/ab469e/pdf

Time dependent selfconsistent electron energy distribution functions during nano-second repetitive discharges in reacting N2/H2 mixtures

Electron energy distribution functions (eedf) in CO2 laser discharge (He—CO2—N2—CO mixture) have been calculated by solving the Boltzmann equation in the presence of given concentrations of excited (vibrational and electronic) states. The results show a well structured eedf as a result of second kind collisions coming from metastable electronic states of N2 and He as well as a strong dependence of rate coefficients for CO2 dissociation and for the ionization of the different species.

Electron Energy Distribution Functions in CO2 Laser Mixture: The Effects of Second Kind Collisions from Metastable Electronic States

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Electron Energy Distribution Functions in CO2 Laser Mixture: The Effects of Second Kind Collisions from Metastable Electronic States