Abstract.This White Paper presents the science case of an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), focused on the structure and interactions of gluon-dominated matter, with the intent to articulate it to the broader nuclear science community. It was commissioned by the managements of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) with the objective of presenting a summary of scientific opportunities and goals of the EIC as a follow-up to the 2007 NSAC Long Range plan. This document is a culmination of a community-wide effort in nuclear science following a series of workshops on EIC physics over the past decades and, in particular, the focused ten-week program on “Gluons and quark sea at high energies” at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Fall 2010. It contains a brief description of a few golden physics measurements along with accelerator and detector concepts required to achieve them. It has been benefited profoundly from inputs by the users’ communities of BNL and JLab. This White Paper offers the promise to propel the QCD science program in the US, established with the CEBAF accelerator at JLab and the RHIC collider at BNL, to the next QCD frontier.

/pdf/electron-ion-collider-the-next-qcd-frontier-2ur3ujx2lg.pdf

Electron Ion Collider: The next QCD frontier

aFacility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA bFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA cINFN Trieste, Via A. Valerio, 2 34127 Trieste, Italy dIRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France eDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA fTemple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA gThomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA

Snowmass 2021 Instrumentation Frontier (IF5 - MPGDs) -- White Paper 2: Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors for Nuclear Physics

Prototype of the readout electronics for the RICH PID detector in the STCF

In 2016 we have upgraded the COMPASS RICH by novel gaseous photon detectors based on MPGD technology. Four new photon detectors, covering a total active area of 1.5 m 2, have been installed in order to cope with the challenging efficiency and stability requirements of the COMPASS physics programme. The new detector architecture consists in a hybrid MPGD combination: two layers of THGEMs, the first of which also acts as a reflective photocathode thanks to CsI coating, are coupled to a bulk Micromegas on a pad-segmented anode. These detectors are the first application in an experiment of MPGD-based single photon detectors. Presently, we are further developing the MPGD-based PDs to make them adequate for a setup at the future EIC collider. All aspects of the COMPASS RICH-1 Photon Detectors upgrade are presented: R&D, engineering, mass production, QA and performance; the on-going development for collider application is also presented.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012126/pdf

The COMPASS RICH-1 MPGD based photon detector performance

We report the performance of a THick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) fabricated by drilling holes in a gold-clad ceramic substrate using the standard PCB (Printed Circuit Board) technology and etching rims. The THGEM has a total thickness of 200μm with a hole diameter and rim size of 200μm and 80μm, respectively. In order to carry out a performance study, a detector was assembled by putting the THGEM inside a versatile chamber and irradiating it with a 55Fe X-ray source (5.9 keV). An Ar/CO2 gas mixture was flushed inside the chamber at a pressure of about 1 atm, with volume ratios varying between 70/30 and 90/10. Pulse height spectra of the detector were recorded by a multichannel analyzer to investigate the gain and energy resolution at different drift and induction electric fields. The variations in the gain and energy resolution were also interpreted using simulations. The gain and resolution data of the THGEM were compared with those of a standard GEM which was measured using the same experimental setup. 

Investigation on the performance of a thick ceramic gas electron multiplier

Experiments at the future Electron Ion Collider require excellent hadron identification in a broad momentum range, in harsh conditions. A RICH capable to fulfill the PID requirements of the EIC could use MPGD-based photon detectors with solid photocathodes for covering large surfaces at affordable cost, providing good efficiency, high resolution and compatibility with magnetic field. Photon detectors realized by coupling THGEMs and Micromegas have been successfully operated at the RICH-1 detector of the COMPASS Experiment at CERN since 2016. A similar technology could be envisaged for an EIC RICH, provided a large improvement in the photon position resolution is achieved. An R\&D effort in this direction is ongoing at INFN Trieste. Few prototypes with smaller pixel size (down to 3 mm x 3 mm) have been built and tested in the laboratory with X-Ray and UV LED light sources. A modular mini-pad detector prototype has also been tested at the CERN SPS H4 beamline. New data acquisition and analysis software called Raven DAQ and Raven Decoder have been developed and used with the APV-25 based Scalable Readout System (SRS), for the modular mini-pad prototype tests.

A modular mini-pad photon detector prototype for RICH application at the Electron Ion Collider

COMPASS is a fixed target experiment at CERN SPS aimed to study hadron structure and spectroscopy Hadron identification in the momentum range between $3$ and $55 GeV/c$ is provided by a large gaseous Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter, RICH-1 To cope with the challenges imposed by the new physics program of COMPASS, RICH-1 has been upgraded by replacing four MWPC-based photon detectors with newly developed MPGD-based photon detectors The architecture of the novel detectors is a hybrid combination of two layers of THGEMs and a Micromegas The top of the first THGEM is coated with CsI acting as a reflective photo-cathode The anode is segmented in pads capacitively coupled to the APV-25 based readout The new hybrid detectors have been commissioned during the 2016 COMPASS data taking and stably operated during the 2017 run In this paper design, construction, operation and performance aspects of the novel photon detectors for COMPASS RICH-1 are discussed

/pdf/mpgd-based-photon-detectors-for-the-upgrade-of-compass-rich-2jinydoruw.pdf

MPGD-based photon detectors for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1 and beyond

COMPASS is a fixed target experiment at CERN SPS aimed to study hadron structure and spectroscopy. Hadron identification in the momentum range between 3 and 55 GeV/c is provided by a large gaseous Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter, RICH-1. To cope with the challenges imposed by the new physics program of COMPASS, RICH-1 has been upgraded by replacing four MWPC-based photon detectors with newly developed MPGD-based photon detectors. The architecture of the novel detectors is a hybrid combination of two layers of THGEMs and a Micromegas. The top of the first THGEM is coated with CsI acting as a reflective photo-cathode. The anode is segmented in pads capacitively coupled to the APV-25 based readout. The new hybrid detectors have been commissioned during the 2016 COMPASS data taking and stably operated during the 2017 run. In this paper design, construction, operation and performance aspects of the novel photon detectors for COMPASS RICH-1 are discussed.

/pdf/mpgd-based-photon-detectors-for-the-upgrade-of-compass-rich-56sai8q3vy.pdf

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A modular mini-pad photon detector prototype for RICH application at the Electron Ion Collider

MPGD-based photon detectors for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1 and beyond

MPGD-based photon detectors for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1 and beyond