At the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Foundation), a two-dimensional high resolution scintillating dosimetry system has been developed and tested for daily Quality Assurance measurements (QA) in carbon ion radiotherapy with active scanning technique, for both single pencil beams and scanned fields produced by a synchrotron accelerator. The detector consists of a thin plane organic scintillator (25×25 cm2, 2 mm thick) coupled with a high spatial resolution CCD camera (0.25 mm) in a light-tight box. A dedicated Labview software was developed for image acquisition triggered with the beam extraction, data post-processing and analysis. The scintillator system was preliminary characterized in terms of short-term reproducibility (found to be within±0.5%), linearity with the number of particles (linear fit χ 2 = 0.996 ) and dependence on particle flux (measured to be 1.5 % ). The detector was then tested for single beam spot measurements (Full Width at Half Maximum and position) and for 6×6 cm2 reference scanned field (determination of homogeneity) for carbon ions with energy from 115 MeV/u up to 400 MeV/u. No major differences in the investigated beam parameters measured with scintillator system and the radiochromic EBT3 reference films were observed. The system allows therefore real-time monitoring of the carbon ion beam relevant parameters, with a significant daily time saving with respect to films currently used. The results of this study show the suitability of the scintillation detector for daily QA in a carbon ion facility with an active beam delivery system.

Development and characterization of a 2D scintillation detector for quality assurance in scanned carbon ion beams

The characterization of a scintillating GEM based gas detector for quality control of clinical radio-therapeutic beams is presented. Photons emitted by the Ar/CF4 gas mixture are detected by means of a CCD camera; in addition, the charge is measured. The detector response has been studied as a function of alpha particle energy and dose rate. The measured signal underestimation, at the Bragg peak depth, is only few percent with respect to an air filled ionization chamber.

First Results of a Scintillating GEM Detector for 2-D Dosimetry in an Alpha Beam

A T-shaped fiber-optic phantom-dosimeter system was developed using square scintillating optical fibers, a lens system, and a CMOS image camera. Images of scintillating light were used to simultaneously measure the transverse and longitudinal distributions of absorbed dose of a 6 MV photon beam with field sizes of 1 × 1 and 3 × 3 cm2. Each optical fiber has a very small sensitive volume and the sensitive material is water equivalent. This allows the measurements of cross-beam profile as well as the percentage depth dose of small field sizes. In the case of transverse dose distribution, the measured beam profiles were gradually become uneven and the beam edge had a gentle slope with increasing depth of the PMMA phantom. In addition, the maximum dose values of longitudinal dose distribution for 6 MV photon beam with field sizes of 1 × 1 and 3 × 3 cm2 were found to be at a depth of approximately 15 mm and the percentage depth dose of both field sizes were nearly in agreement at the skin dose level. Based on the results of this study, it is anticipated that an all-in-one phantom-dosimeter can be developed to accurately measure beam profiles and dose distribution in a small irradiation fields prior to carrying out stereotactic radiosurgery.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/5/6404/pdf

Integral T-Shaped Phantom-Dosimeter System to Measure Transverse and Longitudinal Dose Distributions Simultaneously for Stereotactic Radiosurgery Dosimetry

Transversal dose profile reconstruction for clinical proton beams: A detectors inter-comparison.

Abstract In this research, a method for acquiring radiation beam profiles was developed. Multiple linear beam scanning using a detection strip was performed in a beam cross section at different angles. The obtained data were then mathematically processed and transformed into the radiation beam profile. The profiles of X-ray and electron beams were obtained experimentally using the proposed method, and are reported herein. 

Multiangle scanning for measuring radiation beam profiles with a typical size of 10 millimetres — Proof-of-principle experiments

A facility in which a 62 MeV proton beam is employed in the radiotherapeutic treatment of several ocular disease has been active since March 2002 at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud. A fast and accurate quality control system of such beam has been designed and tested. The system consists of a scintillating screen mounted perpendicularly to the beam axis at a fixed distance and observed by a highly sensitive charge-coupled device camera. The basic idea is the possibility to obtain real time information about the relative spatial dose distribution delivered to tissue through the measurement of the light emission in the scintillating screen. A comparison with the presently used dosimetric system (a motorized silicon diode) that, in the future, will be replaced by the device introduced in this paper (if its experimental performance will be successful) has been carried out. The good capabilities of the system make it worthy of further investigations into its applicability in proton beams monitoring for radiotherapeutic treatments (i.e., reconstruction of depth dose distribution and beam monitoring during patient irradiation).

A fast monitoring system for radiotherapeutic proton beams based on scintillating screens and a CCD camera

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A fast monitoring system for radiotherapeutic proton beams based on scintillating screens and a CCD camera