Biodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres

Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers

Biomaterials play a pivotal role in field of tissue engineering. Biomimetic synthetic polymers have been created to elicit specific cellular functions and to direct cell-cell interactions both in implants that are initially cell-free, which may serve as matrices to conduct tissue regeneration, and in implants to support cell transplantation. Biomimetic approaches have been based on polymers endowed with bioadhesive receptor-binding peptides and mono- and oligosaccharides. These materials have been patterned in two- and three-dimensions to generate model multicellular tissue architectures, and this approach may be useful in future efforts to generate complex organizations of multiple cell types. Natural polymers have also played an important role in these efforts, and recombinant polymers that combine the beneficial aspects of natural polymers with many of the desirable features of synthetic polymers have been designed and produced. Biomaterials have been employed to conduct and accelerate otherwise naturally occurring phenomena, such as tissue regeneration in wound healing in the otherwise healthy subject; to induce cellular responses that might not be normally present, such as healing in a diseased subject or the generation of a new vascular bed to receive a subsequent cell transplant; and to block natural phenomena, such as the immune rejection of cell transplants from other species or the transmission of growth factor signals that stimulate scar formation. This review introduces the biomaterials and describes their application in the engineering of new tissues and the manipulation of tissue responses.

Biomaterials in tissue engineering.

Background:Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote osteogenesis, and clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the ability of certain BMPs to promote fracture-healing and spinal fusion. The optimal BMPs to be used in different clinical applications have not been elucidated, an

Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps)

Toward delivery of multiple growth factors in tissue engineering

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein- (rhBMP-) can be used to enhance the repair of congenital or acquired bone pathologies when formulated in the appropriate carrier. Poly [D, L-(lactide-co-glycolide)] (PLGA) has been shown to be an effective carrier of rhBMP-. We investigated several particle sizes PLGA and several doses of rhBMP- in a rat orthotopic model. We also investigated the effects of a fibrinolytic inhibitory agent, epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA), on the healing response. Our data indicate that higher doses of rhBMP- resulted in increased failure torque (408 ± 70 N-mm or 60% of the intact value) and higher incidence of union (100%). The induced bone in femurs treated with the smaller particle size PLGA achieved the greatest torsional stiffness and strength. The presence of rhBMP- was necessary for new bone to form, but the presence of EACA did not change these results; the use of the PLGA carrier appeared to increase bone strength and stiffness. In fact, with higher doses of rhBMP- in PLGA, the stiffness of the new bone was equal to that of intact controls (64 ± 20 N-mm/deg [intact femurs] versus 45 ± 10 N-mm/degree [medium dose in small PLGA], 61 ± 17 N-mm/degree [high dose in small PLGA], and 36 ± 11 N-mm/degree [medium dose in large PLGA]; P > .05). In conclusion, PLGA implanted with rhBMP- effectively aided in healing large segmental defects in rat femurs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Healing of large segmental defects in rat femurs is aided by RhBMP-2 in PLGA matrix.

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Healing of large segmental defects in rat femurs is aided by RhBMP-2 in PLGA matrix.