Electrochromic (EC) materials and polymer electrolytes are the most imperative and active components in an electrochromic device (ECD). EC materials are able to reversibly change their light absorption properties in a certain wavelength range via redox reactions stimulated by low direct current (dc) potentials of the order of a fraction of volts to a few volts. The redox switching may result in a change in color of the EC materials owing to the generation of new or changes in absorption band in visible region, infrared or even microwave region. In ECDs the electrochromic layers need to be incorporated with supportive components such as electrical contacts and ion conducting electrolytes. The electrolytes play an indispensable role as the prime ionic conduction medium between the electrodes of the EC materials. The expected applications of the electrochromism in numerous fields such as reflective-type display and smart windows/mirrors make these materials of prime importance. In this article we have reviewed several examples from our research work as well as from other researchers’ work, describing the recent advancements on the materials that exhibit visible electrochromism and polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices. The first part of the review is centered on nanostructured inorganic and conjugated polymer-based organic-inorganic hybrid EC materials. The emphasis has been to correlate the structures, morphologies and interfacial interactions of the EC materials to their electronic and ionic properties that influence the EC properties with unique advantages. The second part illustrates the perspectives of polymer electrolytes in electrochromic applications with emphasis on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) based polymer electrolytes. The requirements and approaches to optimize the formulation of electrolytes for feasible electrochromic devices have been delineated.

Hybrid Materials and Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Device Applications

Block copolymers are known for their intricate morphology. We review the state of the art of block copolymer membranes and discuss perspectives in this field. The main focus is on pore morphology tuning with a short introduction on nonporous membranes. The two main strategies for pore formation in block copolymer membranes are (i) film casting and selective block sacrifice and (ii) self-assembly and nonsolvent-induced phase separation (SNIPS). Different fundamental aspects involved in the manufacture of block copolymer membranes are considered, including factors affecting the equilibrium morphology in solid films, self-assembly of copolymer in solutions, and macrophase separation by solvent–nonsolvent exchange. Different mechanisms are proposed for different depths of the SNIPS membrane. Block copolymer membranes can be prepared with much narrower pore size distribution than homopolymer membranes. Open questions and indications of what we consider the next development steps are finally discussed. They inc...

/pdf/block-copolymer-membranes-for-aqueous-solution-applications-5gctcsvcrl.pdf

Block Copolymer Membranes for Aqueous Solution Applications

Evaluation and Control of Thiol-ene/Thiol-epoxy Hybrid Networks.

The generation of supramolecular architectures with well-defined structures and functionalities is recently garnering attraction. Self-assemblage of amphiphilic polymers leads to the formation of polymeric micelles that demonstrate unique set of characteristics such as excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, enhanced blood circulation time, and solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this article, we provide an up-to-date review on important aspects of polymeric micelles. Critical factors for solubilization of hydrophobic drugs in the micellar core are discussed. Polymeric micelles can be used as ‘smart’ drug carriers for targeting certain areas of the body. Here, we have especially emphasized on the recent developments in the targetability of certain tissues such as cancerous tissues using polymeric micelles. Different stimuli exploited for creating stimuli-sensitive micelles are discussed comprehensively. Application of polymeric micelles in the photodynamic therapy is also meticulously descr...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1385772X.2012.688328

Polymeric micelles: authoritative aspects for drug delivery

Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are long, linear polysaccharides that are made up of alternating dissacharide sequences of sulfated uronic acid and amino sugars. Unlike heparin, which is only found in mast cells, heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These negatively-charged glycans play essential roles in important cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion, angiogenesis, and blood coagulation. These biomolecules are also involved in pathophysiological conditions such as pathogen infection and human disease. This review discusses past and current methods for targeting these complex biomolecules as a novel therapeutic strategy to treating disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infection.

/pdf/targeting-heparin-and-heparan-sulfate-protein-interactions-39hidfuafs.pdf

Targeting heparin and heparan sulfate protein interactions

polymers for advanced technologies

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polymers for advanced technologies