The Influence of Different Drying Methods on Cement Paste Microstructures as Reflected by Gas Adsorption: Comparison between Freeze-Drying (F-Drying), D-Drying, P-Drying and Oven-Drying Methods

The morphology of a synthetic zeolite (1717-nm particle-size grains; pore width 10–15 nm) as well as its surface area and mesoporosity is described. Morphology investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy has shown cuboid crystals. The full adsorption–desorption isotherms for N2 gas measured volumetrically at 77 °K have shown type IV isotherm with type H3 hysteresis loops. To study the reliable pore-size distribution, both adsorption and desorption, curves were used by fitting the data to several well-known adsorption models: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH), Dollimore and Heal (D-H), Horvath–Kawazoe, and the density functional theory (DFT).

Porosity Distribution, Surface Area, and Morphology of Synthetic Potassium Zeolites: A SEM and N2 Adsorption Study

Thematic bibliography of mercury porosimetry

Changes in the submicroscopic porosity in southern pine latewood resulting from pyrolysis at temperatures through 600°C were measured using small-angle X-ray scattering. Two types of scattering curves were observed: the first was obtained for wood and for less intense heat treatment; and the second, for samples heated above 300°C. This change was found to be associated with the thermal degradation of crystalline cellulose in the sample. Specific surfaces and the average dimensions of macropores and micropores were calculated from the second type of scattering curve. The specific surface was found to increase from 1.2 to 2.3 m2/gm as the temperature and heating time increased. The average dimensions of the macropores calculated from the scattering curves was about 15 nm. The first effect of heating sufficiently to decompose the crystalline cellulose was found to be the production of micropores with average diameters of about 0.7 nm. Micropore volume increased from 0.06 cm3/gm for the lower heating temperatures to about 0.13 cm3/gm for samples heated to 600°C. The average micropore dimension increased as the temperature was raised and the samples were heated for longer times.

Small angle X-ray scattering measurement of porosity in wood following pyrolysis

Analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphology and pore-volume distribution of commercial clinoptilolite fractions have been conducted experimentally using an analyzer by measuring the N2 adsorption isotherm. The commercial material was fractionated by sieving through different sieves viz., 250 μ (Z3; coarse fraction). All three fractions exhibited type IV isotherm of IUPAC. Adsorption hysteresis (H3) suggested that the pores are slit-shaped even though the pores are multi-shaped in reality. SEM results have shown, the morphology of clinoptilolite having particle size grains of 396 nm (fine fraction, 125 μ sieve), 488 nm (medium fraction, 125–250 μ sieve) and 541 nm (coarse fraction, >250 μ sieve) with layered structure. However, medium fraction has exhibited incomplete hexagonal structure too. The meso–micro pore-volume distribution of the fractions were calculated from the hysteresis loop according to the adsorption curves of Barret, Joyner and Halenda. There was only a minor change in pore volume to each incremental pore volume for the coarse clinoptilolite fraction.

Crystal Morphology and Differential Meso–Micro Pore-Volume Distribution Patterns of Clinoptilolite Fractions

A small grain of iron catalyst, used in the synthesis of ammonia, has an external surface of about 1 cm2/g, but it has an internal surface of 100,000 cm2/g. Since catalysis takes place on the surface, obviously the surface in the pores is of vital importance. But not all pores are of equal importance; in very narrow pores the diffusion is slow; in large pores the surface is small. The sizes of pores have just as important roles in adsorbents, like silica gel and active carbon, and in other solids, like concrete. The determination of the distribution of the total pore surface and the total pore volume in pores of different widths is called pore structure analysis. The first methods for pore structure analysis were proposed in 1945; Ritter and Drake used the mercury porosimeter, and Wheeler used nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Subsequently others improved Wheeler's method. Recently we proposed two new approaches for pore structure analysis, both based on adsorption isotherms: one for the analysis of very narrow pores, the micropores, and one for the analysis of the wider pores. The first is the only method proposed for micropore analysis, the second is an improvement on the previous methods for the analysis of wider pores.

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Pore Structure of Solids

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Pore Structure of Solids