Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids

The microflora of 59 East African camel milk samples of unfermented raw milk supply chains and spontaneously fermented milk ( suusac ) was analyzed to describe the diversity of predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB), identify potential health risks and study bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) production. Bacterial isolates ( n  = 532) were identified using a genotypic approach incorporating rep-PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and species-specific PCR assays. The bacterial numbers on MRS and M17 agar exceeded log 10 6.5 colony forming units (CFU) mL −1 for raw milk supply chain samples and log 10 8 CFU mL −1 for suusac . Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus spp. were predominant in unfermented products, while suusac contained predominantly Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius followed by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus , and lactobacilli. Fifty per cent of S. infantarius subsp. infantarius isolates originating from 15 out of 24 suusac samples produced a BLIS active against other LAB or Listeria and representing a potential selective advantage during fermentation. This study provides a detailed insight at the genotypic level into the LAB diversity of previously unstudied dairy products. It indicates potential health risks for consumers and the need for hygienic and manufacturing interventions and reports a potentially novel BLIS produced by S. infantarius subsp. infantarius .

Lactic acid bacteria diversity of African raw and fermented camel milk products reveals a highly competitive, potentially health-threatening predominant microflora

The prevalence of mastitis, milk quality and health risks associated with milk consumption were investigated on 96 randomly selected traditional herds in Dodoma rural and Mvomero districts of Tanzania. Mastitis was investigated based on clinical signs, microbiology and California mastitis test (CMT), while milk quality was evaluated using total viable count (TVC)and total coliform count (TCC). Animals were tested for tuberculosis using a single comparative intradermal tuberculin test. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis based on CMT was low (8.3%). The major isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (35.3%), other staphylococci (20.8%), coliforms (27.7%), microcci (5.8%) and streptococci (9.8%). The average TVC of milk in Dodoma rural district (1.0 x 10(7) +/- 3.4 x 10(7)) was significantly higher than that in Mvomero district (8.9 x 10 (5) 3.5 x 10(6)) (p < 0.001) and the proportion of TCC-positive samples in Dodoma (70.7%) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of Mvomero sample(20.8%). Whereas no tuberculin reactor animal was detected in the study animals, atypical mycobacteria were isolated from milk and one sample from Dodoma had Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Knowledge on health risks associated with milk consumption was low (20.8%). It is concluded that lack of awareness on health risks associated with milk consumption amongst rural communities needs to be addressed in order to safeguard their health.

Studies on mastitis, milk quality and health risks associated with consumption of milk from pastoral herds in Dodoma and Morogoro regions, Tanzania.

Sub-clinical mastitis limits milk production and represents an important barrier to profitable livestock economics worldwide. Milk production from cows in Nigeria is not at optimum levels in view of many factors including sub-clinical mastitis. The overall herd-level prevalence rate for SCM was 85.33% (256/300 heads of cows) while the quarter-level prevalence rate of SCM was 43.25% (519/1,200 quarters). The prevalence of SCM was 50.67%, 43.67%, 39.67% and 39.13% for the left fore-quarter, right hind-quarter, left hind-quarter and right fore-quarter, respectively. The Rahaji breed had the highest prevalence of SCM with 65.91% (29/44), while the White Fulani breed had the least with 32.39% (57/176). A total of 32.33% (97/300) had only one mammary quarter affected, 30.33% (91/300) had two quarters affected, 16.00% (48/300) had three quarters affected while 6.67% (20/300) had all the four quarters affected. A total of 53.00% had SCM in multiple quarters (159/300). The risk of SCM decreased significantly among young lactating cows compared to older animals (OR = 0.283; P < 0.001; 95%CI = 0.155; 0.516). The Rahaji breed had significantly higher risk compared with the White Fulani breed (OR = 8.205; P = 0.013; 95% CI = 1.557; 43.226). Improved sanitation (washing hands before milking) will decrease the risk of SCM (OR = 0.173; P = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.054; 0.554). SCM is prevalent among lactating cows in the Nigerian Savannah; and this is associated with both animal characteristics (age, breed and individual milk quarters) and milking practices (hand washing).Good knowledge of the environment and careful management of the identified risk factors with improved sanitation should assist farm managers and veterinarians in implementing preventative programmes to reduce the incidence of SCM.

https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/20889/Shittu_Subclinical(2012).pdf;sequence=1

Sub-clinical mastitis and associated risk factors on lactating cows in the Savannah Region of Nigeria

One hundred and forty-five traditionally kept lactating camels (Camelus dromederius) were examined for mastitis by combination of clinical, mastitis card test and subsequent bacteriological isolation. Clinical and sub-clinical mastitis were prevalent in 8.3% (95%CI = 4.6, 14.4) and 20.7% (95%CI = 14.6, 28.4) of the studied animals, respectively. This gives an overall mastitis prevalence of 29.0% (95%CI = 21.9, 37.2) at animal and 17.9% (95%CI = 14.9, 21.3) at quarter levels. High proportion (33.8%) of lactating camels had blind teats and 5.5% had lesions on udder or teat. Taking clinical mastitis and blocked teats into account, the study revealed that only 57.9% of the camels have four teats for milk production. Out of the 505 quarter milk samples examined, 80 (15.8 %) quarters were positive for indicator paper. Upon subsequent culturing, 68.8% (55 out of 80) of the quarter milk samples yielded bacteria. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E. coli and Bacillus species were the major isolates. Mastitis prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) affected by tick infestations, udder lesions, and increased age and parity of the animals. In conclusion, mastitis is a major problem in traditionally managed camels and deserves further attention owning to its potential impact on milk production affecting food security.

Udder health problems and major bacterial causes of camel mastitis in Jijiga, Eastern Ethiopia: implication for impacting food security

Les mammites subcliniques des dromadaires dues a Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield type 13) ont ete etudiees dans differents systemes d'elevage camelin (Somali, Pokot, ranching). Une correlation presumee entre le statut de porteur de S. agalactiae chez la mere et la performance du jeune a ete examinee dans les ranchs. Les possibilites de detection, de traitement et de controle des mammites a S. agalactiae chez le dromadaire sont discutees. (Resume d'auteur)

/pdf/streptococcus-agalactiae-infection-in-camels-camelus-4ohyd5ggxg.pdf

Streptococcus agalactiae infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya.

Application of the California mastitis test in intramammary Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya.

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Streptococcus agalactiae infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya.

Application of the California mastitis test in intramammary Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya.