Electrohydrodynamic jet printing: introductory concepts and considerations

Cell printing has gained extensive attentions for the controlled fabrication of living cellular constructs in vitro. Various cell printing techniques are now being explored and developed for improved cell viability and printing resolution. Here an electro-hydrodynamic cell printing strategy is developed with microscale resolution ( 95%). Unlike the existing electro-hydrodynamic cell jetting or printing explorations, insulating substrate is used to replace conventional semiconductive substrate as the collecting surface which significantly reduces the electrical current in the electro-hydrodynamic printing process from milliamperes (>0.5 mA) to microamperes (<10 µA). Additionally, the nozzle-to-collector distance is fixed as small as 100 µm for better control over filament deposition. These features ensure high cellular viability and normal postproliferative capability of the electro-hydrodynamically printed cells. The smallest width of the electro-hydrodynamically printed hydrogel filament is 82.4 ± 14.3 µm by optimizing process parameters. Multiple hydrogels or multilayer cell-laden constructs can be flexibly printed under cell-friendly conditions. The printed cells in multilayer hydrogels kept alive and gradually spread during 7-days culture in vitro. This exploration offers a novel and promising cell printing strategy which might benefit future biomedical innovations such as microscale tissue engineering, organ-on-a-chip systems, and nanomedicine.

Microscale Electro-Hydrodynamic Cell Printing with High Viability.

Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing (EHD) enables the printing of sub-micron structures using a wide variety of materials and substrates, thus comparing favorably to many current additive manufacturing techniques. By using EHD to print polyaniline based chemiresistors, we demonstrate ammonia gas sensors reaching a detection sensitivity of 2.5% ppm−1 (limit of detection = 0.2 ppm) on glass, and 6.9% ppm−1, (limit of detection = 0.7 ppm) on flexible substrates. We quantitatively compare the results obtained from printed sensors to those prepared with conventional dropcasting, and find significant improvement. Further, we report our findings on the role of the dopant acid in the polymer structure and sensing, as well as the processability of polyaniline for EHD with the use of advanced characterization techniques. This work validates the use of EHD for printed sensors on flexible substrates, laying the groundwork for further research and development into rapid production of a host of miniaturized flexible polymer sensors.

/pdf/electrohydrodynamic-jet-printed-conducting-polymer-for-3f10jhoikn.pdf

Electrohydrodynamic jet printed conducting polymer for enhanced chemiresistive gas sensors

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6439/ac0513/pdf

Recent advances on fabrication of microneedles on the flexible substrate

The numerous advantages of micro- and nanostructures produced by electrospinning (ES) have stimulated enormous interest in this technology with potential application in several fields. However, ES still has some limitations in controlling the geometrical arrangement of the fiber mats so that expensive and time-consuming technologies are usually employed for producing ordered geometries. Here we present a technique that we call "bipolar pyroelectrospinning" (b-PES) for generating ordered arrays of fiber mats in a direct manner by using the bipolar pyroelectric field produced by a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal (PPLN). The b-PES is free from expensive electrodes, nozzles, and masks because it makes use simply of the structured pyroelectric field produced by the PPLN crystal used as collector. The results show clearly the reliability of the technique in producing a wide variety of arrayed fiber mats that could find application in bioengineering or many other fields. Preliminary results of live cells patterning under controlled geometrical constraints is also reported and discussed in order to show potential exploitation as a scaffold in tissue engineering.

Maskless Arrayed Nanofiber Mats by Bipolar Pyroelectrospinning

Spiral shapes occur frequently in nature as in the case of snail shells or the cochlea – the auditory portion of the inner ear. They also inspire many technological devices that take advantage of this geometry. Here we show that μ-pyro-electrospinning is able to control whipping instabilities in order to form spiralling fibres (down to 300 nm thick) directly on a support with true microscale regularity. The results show that polymer concentration plays a key role in producing reliable and long spirals. We investigate the cell response to these spiral templates that, thanks to their true regularity, would be useful for developing innovative cochlea regeneration scaffolds.

Spiral formation at the microscale by μ-pyro-electrospinning

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Spiral formation at the microscale by μ-pyro-electrospinning