New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.

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Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices

Energy storage is more important today than at any time in human history. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries are required to power portable electronic devices (cellphones, laptop computers etc.), store electricity from renewable sources, and as a vital component in new hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the increase in energy and power density essential to meet the future challenges of energy storage, new materials chemistry, and especially new nanomaterials chemistry, is essential. We must find ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with new properties or combinations of properties, for use as electrodes and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Herein we review some of the recent scientific advances in nanomaterials, and especially in nanostructured materials, for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries

Research Development on Sodium-Ion Batteries

The storage of electrical energy at high charge and discharge rate is an important technology in today's society, and can enable hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and provide back-up for wind and solar energy. It is typically believed that in electrochemical systems very high power rates can only be achieved with supercapacitors, which trade high power for low energy density as they only store energy by surface adsorption reactions of charged species on an electrode material. Here we show that batteries which obtain high energy density by storing charge in the bulk of a material can also achieve ultrahigh discharge rates, comparable to those of supercapacitors. We realize this in LiFePO(4) (ref. 6), a material with high lithium bulk mobility, by creating a fast ion-conducting surface phase through controlled off-stoichiometry. A rate capability equivalent to full battery discharge in 10-20 s can be achieved.

Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Electroactivity of natural and synthetic triphylite

Today, off-grid communities rely mainly on diesel gensets with limited electrical efficiency and diesel furnaces for electricity and heat generation, respectively. The CO2 emissions associated with this electricity production can be reduced by improving the electrical efficiency of the system thus reducing the fuel consumption. Additionally, waste heat from the electricity production can be recovered for heating thus creating a combined heat and power system. In this work, a solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power system hybridized to a battery was proposed for this purpose. Simulation of the annual electricity and heat production were performed using real temporal electrical demand data. Results showed that a reduction of up to 36 % in primary energy consumption can be reached compared with the current situation.

Energy Transition Scenarios in Off-grid Communities using SOFC-CHP/Battery Hybrid Systems

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Electroactivity of natural and synthetic triphylite

Energy Transition Scenarios in Off-grid Communities using SOFC-CHP/Battery Hybrid Systems