The topical route of administration has many advantages for the treatment of various skin disorders as well as cosmeceutical purposes. This route bypasses hepatic first-pass effect and systemic availability of many pharmaceuticals is limited to skin organelles such as hair follicles and so could avoid unwanted adverse reactions and increase the localized therapeutic effect. Despite such attributed advantages of the topical route, the most important challenge is skin barrier characteristics that should be overcome to obtain dermal or trans-dermal drug delivery. Different approaches have been recruited to overcome this barrier. In this review, different types of nanoparticles for skin permeation enhancement and targeted delivery to skin organelles are discussed. The potential mechanisms of each nanocarrier in permeation enhancement and dermal delivery are considered and finally, the most important advantages and disadvantages of each group are summarized.

/pdf/potential-of-nanoparticles-as-permeation-enhancers-and-2jd41hweib.pdf

Potential of Nanoparticles as Permeation Enhancers and Targeted Delivery Options for Skin: Advantages and Disadvantages.

At the present time cardiovascular diseases are increased with saturated fat consumption and therefore, there is a growing need for modified dairy products which could decreases the hazards of cholesterol and fat eating. Nutraceuticals have medicinal and nutritional properties that prevent many diseases. Phytosterols, are one of the most important bioactive nutraceuticals which are reported to show positive effects on reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and accordingly arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. This work aims to encapsulate betasitosterol using nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and subsequently addition into butter in order to improve butter nutritional property including acid and peroxide values as well as antioxidant property. Betasitosterol-loaded NLCs were formulated using hot homogenization method and encapsulation efficiency (EE) as well as the characteristics of the optimized formulation were analyzed by laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy methods and incorporated in to the butter. The optimized prepared NLCs showed particle size of 165 nm with a uniform size distribution (PDI=0.21), zeta potential of −13.5 mV and the EE of 99.96%. Betasitosterol-loaded NLCs, incorporated in butter, showed good stability during three months’ storage period. Furthermore, both acid and peroxide values as well as antioxidant property of enriched butter were increased and did not changed during the storage period. This study paves a way to produce functional dairy products and the applicability of nanotechnology in the food stuff offers interesting opportunities for the food industry and promises great market potential.

Preparation and characterization of Betasitosterol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for butter enrichment

Topical formulation of quercetin encapsulated in natural lipid nanocarriers: Evaluation of biological properties and phototoxic effect

Application of quality by design principles in the development and evaluation of semisolid drug carrier systems for the transdermal delivery of lidocaine

Following-up skin penetration of lidocaine from different vehicles by Raman spectroscopic mapping.

Lipid based nanoparticles have become a major research object in topical drug delivery to enable drugs to pass the stratum corneum and reach the desired skin layer. The present investigation deals with the encapsulation of lidoacine into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and nanoethosomes for improving its dermal delivery and consequently local anesthetic efficacy. Concurrently these two topical delivery systems were compared. Lidocaine-loaded NLCs and nanoethosomes were characterized by various techniques and used for an in vitro skin penetration study using excised rat skin and Franz diffusion cells. The nanoparticles were tracked in the skin by following the Rhodamine-labled nanocarriers under fluorescent microscopy. Optimized lidocaine-loaded NLCs (size 96 nm, zeta potential -13.7 mV, encapsulation efficiency (EE) % 69.86% and loading capacity (LC) % 10.47%) and nanoethosomes (size 105.4 nm, zeta potential -33.6 mV, EE 40.14% and LC 8.02%) were chosen for a skin drug delivery study. Higher skin drug deposition of NLCs and nanoethosomal formulations compared to lidocaine hydroalcoholic solution represented a better localization of the drug in the skin. NLC formulation showed the lowest entered drug in the receptor phase of Franz diffusion cell in comparison with nanoethosomes and hydroalcoholic solution confirming the highest skin accumulation of drug. Both colloidal systems showed superiority over the drug solution for dermal delivery of lidocaine, however, NLC exhibited more promising characteristics than nanoethosomes regarding drug loading and skin targeted delivery.

Enhanced skin penetration of lidocaine through encapsulation into nanoethosomes and nanostructured lipid carriers: a comparative study.

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Enhanced skin penetration of lidocaine through encapsulation into nanoethosomes and nanostructured lipid carriers: a comparative study.