In response to widespread water quality and quantity issues, the New Zealand Government has recently embarked on a number of comprehensive freshwater management reforms, developing a raft of national discussion and policy documents such as "Freshwater Reform 2013 and Beyond" and a National Policy Statement for freshwater management (NPS-FM 2014). Recent resource management reforms and amendments (RMA 2014), based on previous overarching resource management legislation (RMA 1991), set out a new approach and pathway to manage freshwater nationwide. Internationally, there is an increasing trend to engage with indigenous communities for research and collaboration, including indigenous groups as active participants in resource management decision making. What is driving this change toward more engagement and collaboration with indigenous communities is different for each country, and we document the progress and innovation made in this area in New Zealand. The indigenous rights of Māori in New Zealand are stated in the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi and in many forms of New Zealand's legislation. Local and central governments are eager to include local indigenous Māori groups (iwi/hapū) in freshwater management planning processes through meaningful engagement and collaboration. Key to the success of collaborative planning processes for Māori are enduring relationships between local government and Māori, along with adequate resourcing for all partners contributing to the collaborative process. A large number of shared governance and management models for natural resource management have emerged in New Zealand over the past 20 years, and some recent examples are reviewed. We provide some discussion to improve understanding and use of the terms used in these management models such as cogovernance, comanagement, and coplanning, and describe some of the more important frameworks and tools being developed with Māori groups (e.g., iwi/hapū), to strengthen Māori capacity in freshwater management and to support good collaborative process and planning.

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Indigenous Māori values and perspectives to inform freshwater management in Aotearoa-New Zealand

The concept of ecosystem services has gained traction as a means of linking societal benefits to the underlying ecology and functioning of ecosystems, and is now frequently included in decision-making and legislation. Moving the ecosystem service concept from theory into practice is now crucial. However, advancements in this area of research differ by ecosystem type, and marine systems lag significantly behind terrestrial counterparts in terms of understanding, implementation and number of studies. In this paper we explore several reasons why ecosystem service research has been limited in marine systems and we outline the challenges that hinder progress. Marine systems suffer from a scarcity of spatial data relative to terrestrial counterparts. In terrestrial systems the spatial patterns of land-use/land-cover (LULC) are relatively straightforward to access via satellite and have been used as proxy indicators of service provisions. In contrast, remote sensing tools used to study the surface of the Earth are much less effective at capturing images of the seabed, and by extension marine habitats. Marine waters and their constituents are also frequently driven great distances by winds, tides and currents. This creates a challenge for management as the identification and protection of areas where ecosystem services are exploited is not necessarily sufficient to ensure sustained service delivery. Further complications arise from the three-dimensional uses of marine systems, incorporating activities that use the sea surface, the water column and the benthic habitats below. Progress is being made as technological advancements are resulting in the acquisition of spatial data at faster rates and higher resolutions than previously possible. There is a growing capacity to map, model and value an increasing number of services with initiatives such as InVEST or principle-based modelling. We suggest that awareness is needed around the limited progress in marine systems as this could affect the way we value the biosphere and the relative proportion between biomes.

/pdf/the-challenge-of-implementing-the-marine-ecosystem-service-4m60h90ku8.pdf

The Challenge of Implementing the Marine Ecosystem Service Concept

Ako : concepts and learning in the Māori tradition / Rangimarie Rose Pere.

Social determinants of Indigenous health are known to include structural determinants such as history, political climate, and social contexts. Relationships, interconnectivity, and community are fundamental to these determinants. Understanding these determinants from the perspective of Indigenous youth is vital to identifying means of alleviating future inequities. In 2016, fifteen Yellowknives Dene First Nation (YKDFN) youth in the Canadian Northwest Territories participated in the 'On-the-Land Health Leadership Camp'. Using a strength- and community-based participatory approach through an Indigenous research lens, the YKDFN Wellness Division and university researchers crafted the workshop to provide opportunities for youth to practice cultural skills, and to capture the youth’s perspectives of health and health agency. Perspectives of a healthy community, health issues, and health priorities were collected from youth through sharing circles, PhotoVoice, mural art, and surveys. The overall emerging theme was that a connection to the land is an imperative determinant of YKDFN health. Youth identified the importance of a relationship to land including practicing cultural skills, Elders passing on traditional knowledge, and surviving off the land. The youth framed future health research to include roles for youth and an on-the-land component that builds YKDFN culture, community relations, and traditional knowledge transfer. Youth felt that a symbiotic relationship between land, environment, and people is fundamental to building a healthy community. Our research confirmed there is a direct and critical relationship between structural context and determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, and that this should be incorporated into health research and interventions.

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Connection to the land as a youth-identified social determinant of Indigenous Peoples' health.

Forest and wildlife resource-conservation efforts based on indigenous knowledge: The case of Nharira community in Chikomba district, Zimbabwe

A framework/model based on Māori knowledge, values and perspectives is presented that distinguishes ‘cultural values’ from ‘cultural services’ and extends the defi nition of cultural values across the whole ecosystem services framework. Māori aspirations and well-being are interdependent on ecosystems and ecosystem services. Ultimately Māori wish to use these ecosystem approaches and frameworks to increase participation and inclusion in decision-making, to achieve multidimensional aspirational goals and desired indigenous outcomes. Harmsworth GR, Awatere S 2013. Indigenous māori knowledge and perspectives of ecosystems. In Dymond JR ed. Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. 275 INDIGENOUS MĀORI KNOWLEDGE AND PERSPECTIVES OF ECOSYSTEMS 2.1 In a plan carried out by the children to create light and fl ourish, the parents were prised apart. The separation of the parents led to Ranginui (the Sky father) forming the sky, resulting in the rain as he continued to weep for his separated wife Papa-tū-ānuku (the Earth mother), and Papa-tū-ā-nuku forming the land to provide sustained nourishment for all her children. As part of this ancestry, a large number of responsibilities and obligations were conferred on Māori to sustain and maintain the well-being of people, communities, and natural resources. It is within this context of cosmology and knowledge that Māori can form a perspective of ecosystems and ecosystem services and make sense of existing and emerging non-Māori scientifi c and ecological terms, concepts and knowledge forms. Māori language and oral tradition are imperative in unlocking this understanding (Wehi et al. 2009). From a Māori perspective, therefore, an understanding of ecosystems starts with Māori language translation and whakapapa.

Indigenous MāOri knowledge and perspectives of ecosystems.

The connection between the natural environment and human health is well documented in Indigenous narratives. The maramataka—a Māori system of observing the relationships between signs, rhythms, and cycles in the environment—is underpinned by generations of Indigenous knowledge, observation, and experimentation. The maramataka enabled Māori and our Pacific relatives to attune with the movements of the environment and ensure activities essential for survival and well-being were conducted at the optimal times. A recent revival of the maramataka in various communities in New Zealand is providing uniquely Indigenous ways to ‘reconnect’ people, and their health, with the natural environment. In a world where people have become increasingly disconnected from the natural environment, the maramataka offers an alternative to dominant perspectives of health. It also provides a mechanism to enhance the many facets of health through an understanding of the human–ecosystem relationship in a uniquely Indigenous way. This conceptual paper (i) highlights a uniquely Indigenous way of understanding the environment (the maramataka) and its connection to health, (ii) discusses the connections between the maramataka and scientific research on health and the environment, and (iii) introduces current and potential applications of the maramataka in improving health and well-being.

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Te Maramataka—An Indigenous System of Attuning with the Environment, and Its Role in Modern Health and Well-Being

ABSTRACT Why have mangroves and their ecosystems been so hotly contested over the last quarter century in Aotearoa New Zealand’s northern waters? Central to ‘mangrove mania’ are multiple, competing and often antagonistic perceptions of the perceived risks posed by mangrove presence, their removal and efforts to restore them. Not surprisingly this has led to a chaotic mangrove knowledge space, with significant gaps in knowledge required to understand risks associated with mangrove management. In a socio-ecological investigation of risk questions relating to the mangrove debate, we reveal how localised contestations of mangroves have been ‘arbitrated’ – in different directions. This state of affairs has resulted from several critical threads: from many sources, pressures and intentions, but all involving the often ill-specified lens of public opinion, science practice, environmental management procedures, Māori knowledge, community views, land and inshore development, and consenting processes. We systematically examine the trajectory of these critical threads and their interactions, underlying the mangrove debate and the resulting variability in how risks are portrayed. Our evidence suggests that perceived risk of mangrove expansion, and of mangrove removal impacts, is contested and linked to different desired and imagined futures.

A socio-ecological appraisal of perceived risks associated with mangrove (Mānawa) management in Aotearoa New Zealand

Exploitation of geothermal taonga at Ohaki has resulted in irreparable damage to whānau land, tribal land and the marae reservation, including major land subsidence, devastation of wāhi tapu, and groundwater impacts. The whānau, determined to shift from grievance mode to (eco)development mode, are committed to caring for and regenerating their whenua. This article outlines a whānau journey of re-establishing papakāinga. Their narratives provide insights and key eco-development factors which provide a blueprint for resilient whānau-based living, based on the practice wisdom of their tūpuna. Key factors include: whakapapa, whenua, whanaungatanga; science, technology and innovation; and partnerships and collaboration. These components and the overall model have been tested in the context of another whānau grouping whose positive feedback and applicability of the model gave the authors confidence to share it wider. Hopefully encouraging other whānau to consider papakāinga establishment, and more confident in determining their own resilient futures.

21ST CENTURY PAPAKĀINGA: A blue print for resilience

Navigating Choppy Waters: why are we always arguing about risk and uncertainty in marine multi-use environments and what can we do about it?

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