Harold J Hovel. R K Willardson and Albert C Beer (eds) London and New York: Academic 1976 pp xxiv + 254 price £7.55 Even the most radical among us resent certain changes. Those who have become accustomed to the elegant presentation of the series Semiconductors and Semimetals will feel a frisson of shock when they open the latest addition.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/27/11/047/pdf

Semiconductors and Semimetals Vol 11: Solar Cells

Transition metal chalcogenide crystalline films FeSe2, Cu1.8S, and CuSe have been deposited from solution by drop casting their dissolved inks onto a conductive substrate, followed by a mild thermal treatment. We demonstrate that the resulting chalcogenide films exhibit an excellent catalytic activity and function as highly efficient counter electrodes (CEs) for dye- and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (DSCs and QDSCs). In particular, the FeSe2 and CuSe films produced herein with novel morphologies show better catalytic activity than that of the conventional Pt coated CE used in DSCs and Cu2S in QDSCs, respectively. Ensuing devices present an improved photovoltaic performance with maximum values of 9.10% for DSCs and 4.94% for QDSCs, comparable to those based on Pt and Cu2S CEs. The efficient CE materials developed here from such a facile and scalable route offer strong potential for a broader solar cell application that requires low-cost and large-scale production.

Low-temperature, solution-deposited metal chalcogenide films as highly efficient counter electrodes for sensitized solar cells

The term ‘microwaves’ is used for those wavelengths measured in centimetres roughly from 1 m. to 0.1 cm or the bands of frequencies between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Microwaves are most popularly used in point to point communication, TV broadcasting via satellites and in RADAR systems. Besides these, they are also being used in industrial, biomedical, chemical and in scientific research applications. The latest wide acceptance of the microwave application is as “microwave heating” in synthesizing various compounds (organic and inorganic) in research laboratories as well as in industries. The serendipity experiment of radar-orientated research by Dr Percy Spencer in 1946 discovered the heating property of microwave (the candy bar melted in the pocket). Since then microwave radiation has opened up a new technology. The application is no longer confined to food industry, but shown impacts in other areas also. Inorganic synthesis, polymer curing, textile drying are growing industrial areas where microwaves are being used. The first published reports on the use of microwave irradiation to carry out organic chemical transformation by the group of Gedye (1986) and Giguere et al.(1986), it has emerged as an promising technology in medicinal chemistry, polymer synthesis, material sciences, nanotechnology and biochemical processes. In the early days of microwave synthesis, experiments were carried out in sealed Teflon or glass vessels in a domestic oven without any pressure or temperature measurements, sometimes resulting into violent explosion due to rapid uncontrolled heating in organic solvents under closed vessel condition. In 1990’s synthesis started with solvent-free reactions eliminating the danger of explosion eventually improvising the device designs. Microwave heating not only provides an alternative tool but also improves the yield and reproducibility .Moreover it may lead to novel products by permitting access to the alternative kinetic pathways and stabilizing different energy minima in a reaction vessel. Various aspects of microwave application especially in chemical synthesis have been reported and reviewed since then (Rao et al. 1999,Vanetsev and Tretyakov 2007, Tsuji et al. 2005,Yoshikawa 2010,Bilecka & Niederberger 2010). There are many distinct frequency bands which have been allotted for industrial, scientific and medical uses. 24.15 MHz, 2.45 and 5.80 GHz are world wide accepted frequencies. Still there are few countries where different frequencies are used. In United Kingdom 896 MHz and 40.6 MHz are popular whereas the Netherlands operate on 3.39 and 6.78 GHz. (Metaxas and Meredith 1983)

/pdf/microwave-synthesis-a-physical-concept-13gziqek0c.pdf

Microwave Synthesis: a Physical Concept

Tandem solar cells are widely considered the industry’s next step in photovoltaics because of their excellent power conversion efficiency. Since halide perovskite absorber material was developed, it has been feasible to develop tandem solar cells that are more efficient. The European Solar Test Installation has verified a 32.5% efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. There has been an increase in the perovskite/Si tandem devices’ power conversion efficiency, but it is still not as high as it might be. Their instability and difficulties in large-area realization are significant challenges in commercialization. In the first part of this overview, we set the stage by discussing the background of tandem solar cells and their development over time. Subsequently, a concise summary of recent advancements in perovskite tandem solar cells utilizing various device topologies is presented. In addition, we explore the many possible configurations of tandem module technology: the present work addresses the characteristics and efficacy of 2T monolithic and mechanically stacked four-terminal devices. Next, we explore ways to boost perovskite tandem solar cells’ power conversion efficiencies. Recent advancements in the efficiency of tandem cells are described, along with the limitations that are still restricting their efficiency. Stability is also a significant hurdle in commercializing such devices, so we proposed eliminating ion migration as a cornerstone strategy for solving intrinsic instability problems.

/pdf/recent-progress-in-perovskite-tandem-solar-cells-236s142z.pdf

Recent Progress in Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells

In this paper, we propose a novel concept for a semiconductor planar detector. At room temperature, the diode exhibits markedly high responsivity and strong spectral dependence of it: the responsivity value around 2000 V/W is inherent in K ? microwave frequency range, and while going up to frequency range D, it decreases by about two orders. Rectification of microwave currents and intervalley electromotive force are discussed to be mainly responsible for high responsivity and its rapid decrease within microwave range. Nevertheless, experiments at higher radiation frequencies performed under the action of pulsed CO2 laser radiation reveal the planar diode as a fast IR detector and a promising candidate for terahertz radiation sensing.

Sensitive Planar Semiconductor Detector From Microwave to IR Applications

Peculiarities of photovoltaic effect in GaAs p–n junction under laser excitation at 10.6 and 1.06 μm wavelengths has been investigated experimentally. When photon energy is far less than the forbidden energy gap, the photovoltage is found to be caused by hot carrier electromotive force. When the junction is illuminated with intense Nd:YAG laser radiation, the photovoltage is recognized to consist of two components, U = U
 f
  + U
 ph
 . The first one U
 f
 is the fast component having polarity of thermoelectromotive force of hot carriers. The second one U
 ph
 is the slow component of opposite polarity, and it is caused by electron–hole pair generation due to two-photon absorption of laser radiation.

Photovoltage formation across GaAs p–n junction under illumination of intense laser radiation

We present photoluminescence spectra of a molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAs structure consisting of the layer of intrinsic conductivity having 500 nm thickness and capped with silicon-doped 100 nm thick layer. The spectra were measured in the range of 3.6–77 K crystal lattice temperatures and at various laser excitation energies. Possible mechanisms of experimentally observed excitonic line narrowing and intensity enhancement in n/i-GaAs homojunction are discussed.

/pdf/enhancement-of-excitonic-photoluminescence-in-silicon-dopedn-285qkoruq5.pdf

Enhancement of excitonic photoluminescence in silicon-dopedn+/i-GaAs structures

Optical Organic and Inorganic Materials

Influence of Composition in GaAs/AlGaAs Heterojunctions on Microwave Detection

We present the first experimental evidence of fast hot carrier photosignal over HgCdTe p-n junction induced by high intensity CO 2 laser pulses. The signal polarity is opposite to that of an ordinary photovoltaic emf The hot carrier photosignal manifests itself when the ordinary photovoltage gets saturated or the junction is forward-biased. The dependencies of the photosignal on laser intensity and applied bias voltage are studied.

CO2 Laser Induced Hot Carrier Photoeffect in HgCdTe

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