A meta-analysis on biochar's effects on soil water properties - New insights and future research challenges.

Ornamentals come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors to suit a wide range of climates, landscapes, and gardening needs. Compared to demand, a shortage of plant materials and diversity force the search for solutions for their constant acquisition and improvement to increase their commercial value, respectively. In vitro cultures are a suitable solution to meet expectations using callus culture, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture, and the organogenesis of protocorm-like bodies; many of these techniques are commercially practiced. Factors such as culture media, explants, carbohydrates, plant growth regulators, and light are associated with the success of in vitro propagation. Techniques, especially embryo rescue and somatic hybridization, are widely used to improve ornamentals. The development of synthetic seed allows season-independent seed production and preservation in the long term. Despite the advantages of propagation and the improvement of ornamentals, many barriers still need to be resolved. In contrast to propagation and crop developmental studies, there is also a high scope for molecular studies, especially epigenetic changes caused by plant tissue culture of ornamentals. In this review, we have accumulated and discussed an overall update on cultivation factors, propagation techniques in ornamental plant tissue culture, in vitro plant improvement techniques, and future perspectives.

/pdf/tissue-culture-in-ornamentals-cultivation-factors-2i8ndj8r.pdf

Tissue Culture in Ornamentals: Cultivation Factors, Propagation Techniques, and Its Application

Weeds are the major biological constraint in direct seeded rice (DSR) due to the concurrent emergence of competitive weeds, absence of water to suppress weeds at the time of seedling emergence and emergence of difficult to control weeds. Strategies on weed management in direct seeded rice depend on critical period of weed control, weed flora and method to be adopted. In order to achieve the long term and sustainable management of weeds in DSR an integration of different weed management strategies like integrated weed management (IWM) are essential. The literature regarding the critical period of weed control, weed flora and different methods for the sustainable management of weeds in direct seeded rice are reviewed in this paper.

Weed management in direct seeded rice: A review

Field experiments were conducted at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, during rainy season 2012 to 2014 to explore possible outcomes of sustainable production of organic basmati rice in terms of productivity, water use efficiency and methane emission reduction in North Western Himalayas of India. Six sets of nutrient management and production technology treatments were taken in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Traditional basmati rice variety type 3 popularly known as Dehraduni Basmati was taken for study. Dry matter production, crop growth rate and effective tillers were found higher in green manuring (GM) + vermicompost (VC) during all the 3 years. Overall highest grain yield of basmati rice (average over 3 years) was found in GM + VC with Sesbania aculeate (3209 kg ha−1) followed by System of Rice Intensification (SRI) (3174 kg ha−1), while lowest grain yield of basmati rice was recorded in organic control (2871 kg ha−1). However, only four treatments were considered to quantify methane (CH4) flux. Maximum CH4 flux was observed at panicle initiation stage (55 days after transplanting (DAT)). Across the crop growth period, GM + VC, farmyard manure (FYM) + VC, SRI and chemical control produced an average CH4 flux of 20.19, 13.00, 9.83 and 5.53 mg m−2 h−1, respectively. This shows that among the nutrient sources, CH4 emission was higher in organically fertilized plots as compared to chemically fertilized with urea at initial stages; however, at later stages, not much variation was observed in CH4 emission for different nutrient sources. Even with in organic system, less CH4 was emitted from SRI field where water was maintained through alternate wetting and drying system.

Production strategies of organic basmati rice in Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India

Esmeralda clarkei is an epiphytic native orchid species of Nepal growing under medium amount of light with fragrant flowers. Reliable protocols for in vitro plant regeneration of E. clarkei via protocorm explants were developed. Protocorms obtained from in vitro germinated seeds cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) individually and in combinations responded positively by induction of multiple shoots. The cultures were maintained at 25 ± 2°C under a 16/8h light/dark cycle photoperiod provided by fluorescent lamps (Philips, India). BAP increased from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/l individually induced the maximum number of shoots (11 to 14 shoots per treatment) which is followed by combinations of BAP (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/l) and NAA (0.5mg/l) which induced 7 to 8 shoots per treatment. The highest number of roots (3 roots per treatment) was observed in NAA (0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) supplemented medium among the other tested medium. Key words : 6-Benzylaminopurine, Esmeralda clarkei, in vitro, a-naphthalene acetic acid, protocorm.

/pdf/in-vitro-plant-regeneration-of-esmeralda-clarkei-rchb-f-via-4mg2im98pw.pdf

In vitro plant regeneration of Esmeralda clarkei Rchb.f. via protocorm explant

This paper reports a preliminary attempt to evolve mutant varieties of Dendrobium with desirable traits. Dendrobium cv . Sonia was subcultured on half-strength MS medium supplemented with BA 1.0 mg L-1 and NAA 1.0 mg L-1 to induce production of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). The PLBs were exposed to different doses of gamma rays (20 Gy and 30 Gy) and re-irradiated from a cobalt 60 source. The highest number of shoots was observed at 20 Gy (3.4). A comparison of three levels of BA with ½ MS media on the irradiated protocorms showed more PLB production at 0.5 mg L-1 while shoot production was higher at 1.5 mg L-1.

/pdf/development-of-protocorm-like-bodies-and-shoots-in-7v8soonua5.pdf

Development of protocorm-like bodies and shoots in Dendrobium cv. Sonia following gamma irradiation

Field experiments were conducted during 2004–06 at Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala to find out the effect of concurrent growing of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and its methods of incorporation on weed management in wet seeded rice. Sowing of rice and dhaincha was done in alternate rows using the rice-cum-green manure seeder. Treatments consisted of incorporation of dhaincha at 20 and 30 days after sowing (DAS) by using cono weeder, spraying 2, 4-D 1.0 kg/ha, and metsulfuronmethyl 5.0 g/ha. Two levels of N (100 and 75% of recommended dose of 90 kg N/ha) were superimposed. Rice alone with 5 t/ha FYM and recommended dose of 90-45-45 kg N-P-K/ha was taken as control. Concurrent growing of dhaincha and its incorporation at 30 DAS resulted in a weed suppression of 70% with an yield enhancement to the tune of 0.840 t/ha and increased profitability of 12520/ha). Application of 2,4–D resulted in maximum reduction of weeds without any adverse effect on rice. Nitrogen at different levels had no significant influence of weed incidence.

Concurrent growing of green manure with wet-seeded rice for cost-effective weed management

Two field experiments were conducted on simultaneous growing and incorporation of daincha ( Sesbania aculeata Pers.) in wet seeded rice in the humid tropics of Kerala, India. The objectives were to optimize the stage and method of incorporation of daincha, to evaluate N release pattern following green manure addition, and to assess its potential to supplement the nutrient requirement of rice crop, besides evaluating the cost effectiveness of in situ green manuring. Treatments consisted of two stages of incorporation of in situ grown daincha (20 and 30 days after sowing), three methods of incorporation (using cono weeder, spraying 2, 4-D at1.0 kg•ha–1, and spraying met sulfuron methyl at 5.0 g•ha–1), and two levels of N application (100 and 75% of the recommended N dose of 90 kg•ha–1). Wet sown rice without daincha, receiving 5 Mg•ha–1 farm yard manure and 90, 45, 45 kg N, P, and K ha–1 respectively, served as control. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized factorial design during 2004 and 2005 and was replicated thrice. Incorporation of daincha at 30 days added about 14 Mg•ha–1 of organic matter, reduced weed population by 70% and supplemented about 25% of the N requirement of rice. Peak release of NH4 - N from daincha coincided with panicle initiation stage of rice, signifying N availability at the most critical physiological stage (synchrony in the release of green manure held nutrients and nutrient uptake by the rice crop). Green manuring with intercropped daincha also enhanced rice yield by 544 kg•ha–1 and returns by Rs.10220 ha–1, implying the potential of integrated nutrient management systems to augment crop productivity and profitability.

/pdf/in-situ-green-manuring-with-daincha-sesbania-aculeata-pers-a-1cx887k8qr.pdf

In situ green manuring with daincha (Sesbania aculeata Pers.): a cost effective management alternative for wet seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.).

An experiment was conducted at Water Management Research Unit, Vellanikara during January to July 2017 to study the biological efficiency of chilli+ amaranth intercropping system under different nutrient and water regimes. The treatments consisted of chilli + amaranth intercropping system planted at two different planting geometries viz., normal row planting and paired row planting, three nutrient levels viz. , 100, 75 and 50 per cent NPK recommendation of both crops as fertigation and two irrigation levels viz., 100 per cent Epan and 75 per cent Epan along with two controls viz. , chilli pure crop and amaranth pure crop. Biological efficiency of intercropping system was assessed by calculating LER, LEC, ATER, RCC and CEY. Chilli + amaranth intercropping under normal row planting produced significantly higher LER (2.84) compared to paired row planting. The intercropping system fertilized at 100 per cent of the recommended NPK dose to both crops showed the highest LER (2.81) compared to lower doses. Irrigation at 100 per cent Epan recorded significantly higher values of LEC (1.54) and ATER (2.56). Chilli equivalent yield was higher in chilli+ amaranth intercropping system (16553 kg/ha) compared to pure crop. The higher values of LER (>1.0), LEC (> 0.25), ATER and CEY revealed the biological efficiency of chilli + amaranth intercropping system compared to pure crop system.

/pdf/biological-efficiency-of-chilli-amaranth-intercropping-4f68y68iog.pdf

Biological efficiency of chilli + amaranth intercropping system under fertigation

Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy during 2004 and 2005 to fine tune the technology of dual culturing of rice (Oryza sativa) and green manure crops to ensure the supply of required quantity of organic manure to dry seeded rice in a cost effective manner. Two green manure crops viz., horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam) Verdc) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] sown along with rice were incorporated at 45 days after sowing by three methods viz., using cono weeder, spraying 2,4-D, and allowing self decomposition due to flooding at the onset of monsoon. Two levels of nitrogen (100 and 75% of recommended dose of N i.e. 90 kg) were super imposed over them. Dual cropping of cowpea with dry seeded rice could add about 12 t/ha of organic manure and resulted in a weed suppression of 69–75% and reduction in labour requirement for weeding (40 man-days/ha). This system guarantees 25% nitrogen saving (22.5 kg/ha) with 11% yield enhancement and increase in profitability (Rs 14,562/ha). The study revealed that, cowpea can be effectively incorporated by spraying 2, 4-D with effective weed control. The peak nitrogen release from concurrently grown cowpea coincides with the critical growth stages of rice, the panicle initiation stage, and thereby ensures availability of N at the critical stage.

Dual cropping of rice (Oryza sativa) and green manure crops - A cost effective management alternative for direct seeded semi-dry system of rice cultivation

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