. We develop theoretical basics of active experiments with two beams of acoustic waves, radiated by a ground-based sound generator. These beams are transformed into atmospheric acoustic gravity waves (AGWs), which have parameters that enable them to penetrate to the altitudes of the ionospheric E and F regions where they influence the electron concentration of the ionosphere. Acoustic waves are generated by the ground-based parametric sound generator (PSG) at the two close frequencies. The main idea of the experiment is to design the output parameters of the PSG to build a cascade scheme of nonlinear wave frequency downshift transformations to provide the necessary conditions for their vertical propagation and to enable penetration to ionospheric altitudes. The PSG generates sound waves (SWs) with frequencies f1 = 600 and f2 = 625 Hz and large amplitudes (100–420 m s−1). Each of these waves is modulated with the frequency of 0.016 Hz. The novelty of the proposed analytical–numerical model is due to simultaneous accounting for nonlinearity, diffraction, losses, and dispersion and inclusion of the two-stage transformation (1) of the initial acoustic waves to the acoustic wave with the difference frequency Δf = f2 − f1 in the altitude ranges 0–0.1 km, in the strongly nonlinear regime, and (2) of the acoustic wave with the difference frequency to atmospheric acoustic gravity waves with the modulational frequency in the altitude ranges 0.1–20 km, which then reach the altitudes of the ionospheric E and F regions, in a practically linear regime. AGWs, nonlinearly transformed from the sound waves, launched by the two-frequency ground-based sound generator can increase the transparency of the ionosphere for the electromagnetic waves in HF (MHz) and VLF (kHz) ranges. The developed theoretical model can be used for interpreting an active experiment that includes the PSG impact on the atmosphere–ionosphere system, measurements of electromagnetic and acoustic fields, study of the variations in ionospheric transparency for the radio emissions from galactic radio sources, optical measurements, and the impact on atmospheric aerosols. The proposed approach can be useful for better understanding the mechanism of the acoustic channel of seismo-ionospheric coupling.

/pdf/ground-based-acoustic-parametric-generator-impact-on-the-3quid93lni.pdf

Ground-based acoustic parametric generator impact on the atmosphere and ionosphere in an active experiment

We present in detail the algorithm of the electrostatic–quasi-stationary–electromagnetic/MHD approximations and equivalent external sources (EQUEMES method) to develop the quasi-stationary–electromagnetic models of seismo-ionospheric coupling. The penetration of the electromagnetic field created by near-Earth alternative currents of ULF range was simulated by solving equations for the horizontal electric field components Ex, Ey of the second order with respect to the vertical coordinate z. This system of two second-order equations is derived from the system of Maxwell equations. The penetration of rather strong horizontal electric field [of order of (1–10) mV/m] to the ionospheric E and F layers has been modeled. The corresponding variations in the electron concentration in the E and lower F layers of the ionosphere reach a value of order of (1–10)%. Farther increase in these variations can be connected with the related synergetic processes. A possibility of the effective initiation of electron concentration perturbations in the unstable near-equatorial plasma in the F layer of the ionosphere by the packet of atmospheric gravity waves radiated by the near-ground source is illustrated. A good correspondence of the results obtained on the basis of this model to the data of satellite observations is shown.

Algorithm for modeling electromagnetic channel of seismo-ionospheric coupling (SIC) and the variations in the electron concentration

Nonlinear frequency down-conversion of acoustic wave beams in the atmosphere and ionosphere under different types of modulation (regular item)

Artificial acoustic modification of the near-earth environment

УДК 550.388:520.16: 520.8+534.29  Представлены результаты эксперимента, проведенного в 2006 г. Львовским центром Института космических исследований (ЛЦ ИКИ) и Институтом ионосферы (г. Харьков) по исследованию реакции ионосферы на акустическое воздействие. В качестве источника акустического сигнала использовалось оборудование ЛЦ ИКИ, установленное на территории Ионосферной обсерватории Института ионосферы. Диагностика изменений в ионосфере осуществлялась радаром некогерентного рассеяния с зенитной антенной и ионозондом “Базис” Института ионосферы, а также контрольной аппаратурой ЛЦ ИКИ. Обнаружены изменения параметров ионосферы на высотах 160 ÷ 200 км, следовавшие за воздействием на атмосферу акустического сигнала. Ключевые слова: акустическое воздействие, ионосфера, метод некогерентного рассеяния, метод вертикального зондирования Статья поступила в редакцию 15.10.2014 г. Radio phys. radio astron. 2015, 20(1): 37-47 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Тематический выпуск, посвященный проекту МАССА // Изв. АН СССР. Физика Земли. – 1985. – № 11. – 112 с. 2. Гармаш К. П., Гритчин А. И., Леус С. Г., Пахомова О. В., Похилько С. Н., Черногор Л. Ф. Исследование реакции ионосферной плазмы на воздействия подземных, наземных, воздушных взрывов и землетрясений. В кн.: Физика космической плазмы. Сборник трудов международного семинара. – Киев: НКАУ, 1994. – С. 151–160. 3. Черногор Л. Ф. Физика Земли, атмосферы и геокосмоса в свете системной парадигмы // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. – 2003. – Т. 8, № 1. – С. 59–106. 4. Черногор Л. Ф. Земля – атмосфера – ионосфера – магнитосфера как открытая динамическая нелинейная физическая система. 1 // Нелинейный мир. – 2006. – Т. 4, № 12. – С. 655–697. 5. Черногор Л. Ф. Земля – атмосфера – ионосфера – магнитосфера как открытая динамическая нелинейная физическая система. 2 // Нелинейный мир. – 2007. – Т. 5, № 4. – С. 198–231. 6. Черногор Л. Ф. О нелинейности в природе и науке. – Харьков: Из-во ХНУ имени В. Н. Каразина, 2008. – 528 с. 7. Черногор Л. Ф. Радиофизические и геомагнитные эффекты стартов ракет. – Харьков: Из-во ХНУ имени В. Н. Каразина, 2009. – 386 с. 8. Черногор Л. Ф. Физика и экология катастроф. – Харьков: Из-во ХНУ имени В. Н. Каразина, 2012. – 556 с. 9. Таран В. И., Подъячий Ю. И., Смирнов А. Н., Герштейн Л. Я. Возмущения ионосферы после мощного наземного взрыва по наблюдениям методом некогерентного рассеяния // Изв. АН СССР. Физика Земли. – 1985. – № 11. – С. 75–79. 10. Domnin I. F., Panasenko S. V., Uryadov V. P., and Chernogor L. F. Results of Radiophysical Study of Wave Disturbances in the Ionospheric Plasma During Its Heating by High-Power HF Radio Transmission of “Sura” facility // Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics. – 2012. – Vol. 55, No. 4. – P. 253–265. 11. Кошовий В. В., Сорока С. О. Акустичні збурення іоносферної плазми наземним випромінювачем. 1. Експериментальне виявлення акусто-іоносферних збурень // Космічна наука і технологія. – 1998. – Т. 4, № 5/6. – С. 5–17. 12. Кошевой В. В. Радиофизическая и радиоастрономическая диагностика ионосферных эффектов, вызванных наземным инфразвуковым излучателем (предварительные результаты) // Изв. вузов. Радиофизика. – 1999. – Т. 42, № 8. – С. 785–798. 13. Назарчук З. Т., Кошевой В. В., Сорока С. А., Ивантишин О. Л., Лозинский А. Б., Романишин И. М. К вопросу акустико-электромагнитного u1079 зондирования ионосферы // Космічна наука і технологія. – 2003. – Т. 9, додаток до № 2. – С. 17–23. 14. Лысенко В. Н., Сорока С. А., Таран В. И., Тырнов О. Ф., Черногор Л. Ф. Комплексные наблюдения динамических процессов в атмосферно-ионосферно-магнитосферной системе, сопровождавших акустическое воздействие на приземную атмосферу. 1. Научная и практическая значимость // Шестая Украинская конференция по космическим исследованиям: Сборник тезисов. – Евпатория (Украина). – 1996. – С. 69. 15. Гармаш К. П., Емельянов Л. Я., Калита Б. И., Костров Л. С., Лысенко В. Н., Ногач Р. Т., Панасенко С. В., Скляров И. Б., Сорока С. А., Таран В. И., Тырнов О. Ф., Черногор Л. Ф. Комплексные наблюдения динамических процессов в атмосферно-ионосферно-магнитосферной системе, сопровождавших акустическое воздействие на приземную атмосферу. 2. Средства и методы // Шестая Украинская конференция по космическим исследованиям: Сборник тезисов. – Евпатория (Украина). – 1996. – С. 70. 16. Гармаш К. П., Калита Б. И., Ногач Р. Т., Сорока С. А., Черногор Л. Ф. Комплексные наблюдения динамических процессов в атмосферно-ионосферно-магнитосферной системе, сопровождавших акустическое воздействие на приземную атмосферу. 3. Процессы в атмосфере и геомагнитном поле// Шестая Украинская конференция по космическим исследованиям: Сборник тезисов. – Евпатория (Украина). – 1996. – С. 71. 17. Гармаш К. П., Панасенко С. В., Сорока С. А., Тырнов О. Ф., Черногор Л. Ф. Комплексные наблюдения динамических процессов в атмосферно-ионосферно-магнитосферной системе, сопровождавших акустическое воздействие на приземную атмосферу. 4. Процессы в мезосфере // Шестая Украинская конференция по космическим исследованиям: Сборник тезисов. – Евпатория (Украина). – 1996. – С. 72. 18. Емельянов Л. Я., Костров Л. С., Лысенко В. Н., Сорока С. А., Таран В. И., Тырнов О. Ф., Черногор Л. Ф. Комплексные наблюдения динамических процессов в атмосферно-ионосферно-магнитосферной системе, сопровождавших акустическое воздействие на приземную атмосферу. 5. Процессы в ионосфере // Шестая Украинская конференция по космическим исследованиям: Сборник тезисов. – Евпатория (Украина). – 1996. – С. 73. 19. Гармаш К. П., Емельянов Л. Я., Калита Б. И., Костров Л. С., Лысенко В. Н., Ногач Р. Т., Панасенко С. В., Скляров И. Б., Сорока С. А., Таран В. И., Тырнов О. Ф., Черногор Л. Ф. Комплексные наблюдения динамических процессов в атмосферно-ионосферно-магнитосферной системе, сопровождавших акустическое воздействие на приземную атмосферу. 6. Основные результаты // Шестая Украинская конференция по космическим исследованиям: Сборник тезисов. – Евпатория (Украина). – 1996. – С. 74. 20. Таран В. И. Исследование ионосферы в естественном и искусственно возмущенном состояниях методом некогерентного рассеяния // Геомагнетизм и аэрономия. – 2001. – Т. 41, № 5. – С. 659–666. 21. Schunk R. W. and Nagy A. F. Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry. – Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. – 555 p. 22. Антонова Л. А., Иванов-Холодный Г. С. Слой F1. Условия появления и высота // Геомагнетизм и аэрономия. – 1988. – Т. 28, № 6. – С. 940–944. 23. Антонова Л. А., Иванов-Холодный Г. С. Солнечная активность и ионосфера (на высотах 100–200 км). – М.: Наука, 1989. – 168 с.

/pdf/ground-based-acoustic-impact-on-the-atmosphere-the-results-1b3htwov1z.pdf

Ground-based acoustic impact on the atmosphere: the results of observations by means of incoherent scatter and vertical sounding techniques

The article focuses on the features of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and the economic consequences of its implementation for Ukraine. The impact on foreign trade, export–import component of trade with the EU, problems and prospects for introducing European standards in Ukraine are determined. The study hypothesises that the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement has worsened the already weak economic situation in Ukraine and led to a reorientation of Ukraine’s foreign trade with a simultaneous loss of markets to which Ukraine exported high value-added products and their replacement for EU markets where only raw materials are exported. It also led to a loss of more than a quarter of its own industrial production and the gradual transformation of Ukraine into a raw material appendage of Europe.

Economic Consequences of the Realisation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement

The article analyses legislation and scientific work on combating cybercrime based on the use of a set of general and special methods, methodological principles and approaches of legal science. It is concluded that with the introduction of the term “cybercrime” in the criminal law of Ukraine, the use of the term “cybercrime” becomes relevant, which should be understood as a socially dangerous crime in cyberspace, a responsibility that is provided for by the Ukrainian law on criminal responsibility and that is also recognized as a criminal offense by international treaties that regulate the matter. Emphasis is placed on the desirability of making appropriate terminological changes in the Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles of Cyber Security” and other regulations, as well as taking other systemic measures at the conceptual and organizational level, to identify the main cybersecurity threats and formulate measures to prevent and investigate them, determine a single body for the operational management of all entities whose task is to ensure the cybersecurity, create a system of technological means of the national cybersecurity system and establish closer international cooperation.

Criminal law and forensic support in the fight against cybercrime

Controversial issues of the subjective party of the criminal offense provided for in art. 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

This article presents a historiographical study of the informal youth associations of Soviet society that is relevant to contemporary sociology. Although informal youth associations in the Soviet Union had always existed, their analysis was only possible after the beginning of “perestroika”. The activation of research beganin 1986–1988. The peak of sociological research on these youth associations, as well as the development of mechanisms to analyse and point in their direction, occurredin 1989–1991. The authors have described the main areas of activity of informal youth associations, as well as how this problem has been addressed by some researchers.

Evolution of Youth Protest: Soviet Historiography of Informal Youth Associations in Ukraine

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