The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is distributed widely in temperate, tropical, and sub-tropical regions of the world. It has been reported to damage 81 host plants and is a major pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables, particularly the bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), muskmelon (Cucumis melo), snap melon (C. melo var. momordica), and snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina). The extent of losses vary between 30 to 100%, depending on the cucurbit species and the season. Its abundance increases when the temperatures fall below 32° C, and the relative humidity ranges between 60 to 70%. It prefers to infest young, green, soft-skinned fruits. It inserts the eggs 2 to 4 mm deep in the fruit tissues, and the maggots feed inside the fruit. Pupation occurs in the soil at 0.5 to 15 cm below the soil surface. Keeping in view the importance of the pest and crop, melon fruit fly management could be done using local area management and wide area management. The melon fruit fly can successfully be managed over a local area by bagging fruits, field sanitation, protein baits, cue-lure traps, growing fruit fly-resistant genotypes, augmentation of biocontrol agents, and soft insecticides. The wide area management program involves the coordination of different characteristics of an insect eradication program (including local area options) over an entire area within a defensible perimeter, and subsequently protected against reinvasion by quarantine controls. Although, the sterile insect technique has been successfully used in wide area approaches, this approach needs to use more sophisticated and powerful technologies in eradication programs such as insect transgenesis and geographical information systems, which could be deployed over a wide area. Various other options for the management of fruit fly are also discussed in relation to their bio-efficacy and economics for effective management of this pest.

/pdf/the-melon-fruit-fly-bactrocera-cucurbitae-a-review-of-its-11brdssq1u.pdf

The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae: a review of its biology and management.

Bactrocera is a speciose genus of tephritid fruit fly that includes several important pests of fruits and vegetables. Detection and control of these pestiferous species rely heavily upon male attractants or lures, with different Bactrocera species responding to either methyl eugenol (ME) or raspberry ketone (RK; or its man-made analogue cue lure, CL). Despite their usage worldwide, the function of ME and RK/CL in the natural history of Bactrocera flies is poorly known. The purpose of this review is to summarize research on the potential role of ME and RK/CL—as pheromone precursors or components—in the sexual communication of Bactrocera species. The topics covered include i) male feeding behavior on ME or RK/CL, ii) the fate of ingested lures, iii) female and male attraction to lure-fed males, and iv) mating success of lure-fed males. Data are available for only a few species, but they provide solid evidence for a role of male lures in mating behavior. For several ME-responding species, research has shown that i) ME metabolites are incorporated and emitted along with endogenously produced components of the male sex pheromone, ii) females show preferential attraction to pheromone containing these metabolites, and iii) males fed ME (or plants containing ME) enjoy increased mating success over non-fed males. Fewer studies have been conducted on RK/CL-responding species, and these reveal i) the lure is not broken down or metabolized but is sequestered (and presumably emitted) as RK, ii) females show preferential attraction to pheromone produced by males that fed upon RK/CL, and iii) RK/CL ingestion produces a significant, but short-lived (1 d), boost in male mating success. Potentially productive avenues of future research are discussed.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aez/45/3/45_3_349/_pdf

Effects of methyl eugenol and raspberry ketone/cue lure on the sexual behavior of Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

India has nearly 200 species of fruit flies,which is about 5% of the known tephritid fauna of the world. The subfamily Dacinae has the maximum number of economically important species. The tribe Dacini with the genus Bactrocera is of importance in India. From an economic point of view, B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. correcta (Bezzi), B. zonata (Saunders) and B. cucurbitae (Coquillett) are important. The first three species mainly attack fruit crops, while B. cucurbitae attacks different species of cucurbits. In an Indian context, B. dorsalis is a major fruit fly pest, especially on mango, affecting local and export markets. The crop loss due to B. dorsalis varies with season and region. In Bangalore, it was found that the loss to mango in an unsprayed situation varied from 2.5 to 59.0% depending on the variety. The cultivars Dushehari and Langra were least infested, while cultivars Banganpalli and Totapuri had a mean infestation of 46.0 and 59.0%, respectively. In guava it is reported that B. dorsalis causes between 5 and 70% crop loss. An assortment of management strategies has been evaluated in India. A study from northeast India by Makhmoor & Singh (1997) showed that hoeing once a day, once in three days and once in seven days resulted in 80, 70 and 43% pupal mortality, respectively, of B. dorsalis. Soil type also influenced pupal mortality, with maximum mortality occuring on clayey soil. The use of the parapheromone ‘methyl eugenol’ in traps is quite popular in India. Of the different traps evaluated, namely IIHR bottle trap, Steiner trap, McPhail trap, delta trap, Jackson sticky trap and open pan trap, the IIHR bottle trap attracted the most flies. Trapping has been found to be useful both for monitoring and management. Using extracts of Ocimum sanctum in traps is also in vogue, but is less efficient than methyl eugenol. Pre-harvest sprays using either dimethoate 0.06%, carbaryl 0.2% or deltamethrin 0.0028% are also recommended. At the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research an IPM package for the management of B. dorsalis on mango is recommended, which consists of orchard sanitation together with inter-tree ploughing and raking plus three applications of insecticidal sprays of the above-mentioned chemicals on the fruits. This has given between 76 and 100% control. A double-walled steel tank of 1 cubic metre with a thermostat was manufactured to test post-harvest disinfestations of mango using hot water. It was found that a postharvest hot-water treatment at 48°C for 60 to 75 minutes gave satisfactory results. A combination of preand post-harvest management gave 100% control of B. dorsalis. The aim of this paper is to highlight the research findings on B. dorsalis in India, based on work carried out at IIHR, Bangalore, and elsewhere in the country. The distribution, species complex and other wild hosts of the genus Bactrocera are discussed.

Fruit flies of economic significance in India, with special reference to Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).

Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds

Fruit fly fauna of himachal pradesh and management of some of the major species

Four dominating species of fruit-fliesDacus zonatus, D. cucurbitae, D. dorsalis andD. ciliatus are widely distributed throughout Pakistan. They cause heavy damage to ripe and semi-ripe fruits and vegetables annually in our country. A natural attractant of plant origin, i.e., from Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) was isolated and extracted in PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, with a view to applying for the control of fruit-flies. Different extracts of roots, stems, flowers, seeds, bark, and leaves were prepared in chloroform, acetone, ethylene chloride, ethanol, and ethyl acetate; and were tested for trapping fruit-flies in specially designed traps under different field conditions. A cotton pad (0.3 mg) treated with 0.25 ml of leaves extract in ethyl acetate is found to be a potent attractant for luring and trapping the fruit-flies (Dacus spp.) from a distance of 0.8 km. Methyl eugenol used as a standard attractant also gave the same results.

Control of fruit-flies (Dacus spp.) by attractants of plant origin

Bean-weevil (Bruchus chinensis L.) is commonly found in Sind region of Pakistan and it severely damages Mong seeds (Phaseolus mungo L.), and some other pulses in storage conditions. The parasitoidApanteles flavipes (Cam.), a gregarious Braconid parasite of Bean-weevil was reared under laboratory conditions with a view to exploiting it for the biological control techniques to be reported for the first time in Pakistan. This parasite completes its whole life cycle inside the body of the host by completing a number of generations in a year, and it successfully parasitisesBruchus spp. larvae inside the seed body; and its life cycle entirely depends upon the environmental factors like temperature and humidity as well as on the physiological condition of the host. It parasitised upto 45% in field population and 83% under laboratory conditions.

Studies on biological control of the Bean-weevil (Bruchus chinensis L.) byApanteles flavipes (Cam.) (Hymen., Braconidae)

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Control of fruit-flies (Dacus spp.) by attractants of plant origin

Studies on biological control of the Bean-weevil (Bruchus chinensis L.) byApanteles flavipes (Cam.) (Hymen., Braconidae)