Excessive fructose intake disrupts carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the kidney, resulting in kidney injury. Exercise has proven to improve the renal fatty acid metabolism, but the effect of various exercise intensities in preventing renal disorders is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of various exercise intensities on anthropometric parameters and renal damage in high fructose-induced mice. The subjects were thirty-six male mice (20–30 g), aged 8 weeks were obtained and randomly assigned into 4 groups: HFr-Sed (sedentary), HFr-Ex1 (low-intensity exercise), HFr-Ex2 (moderate-intensity exercise), and HFr-Ex3 (high-intensity exercise). They were fed standard chow and high fructose solution (30%), per-oral, ad libitum for 8 weeks. The exercised groups underwent swimming, with 80% maximum duration/session, 3x/week, for 8 weeks. The result showed that there were significant differences in body weight (p < 0.001), body length (p = 0.001), Lee index (p = 0.020), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.004), and serum creatinine (SCr) level (p < 0.001). However, the glomerulosclerosis index and interstitial fibrosis degree were not significantly different in all groups. It can be concluded that various intensities of exercise affect the body composition and SCr level, especially moderate-intensity exercise, but do not impact the improvement of the histological kidney in high fructose-induced mice.
Keyword: Exercise, healthy lifestyle, obesity, renal histology.

pdf/the-effect-of-exercise-intensity-on-anthropometric-27mchsvhfd.pdf

The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Anthropometric Parameters and Renal Damage in High Fructose- Induced Mice

We and others have reported that low-magnitude high-frequency dynamic loading has an osteogenic effect on alveolar bone. Since chondrocytes and osteoblasts originate from the same progenitor cells, we reasoned that dynamic loading may stimulate a similar response in chondrocytes. A stimulating effect could be beneficial for patients with damaged condylar cartilage or mandibular deficiency.Studies were conducted on growing Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups: control, static load, and dynamic load. The dynamic load group received a dynamic load on the lower right molars 5 minutes per day with a 0.3 g acceleration and peak strain of 30 με registered by accelerometer and strain gauge. The static load group received an equivalent magnitude of static force (30 με). The control group did not receive any treatment. Samples were collected at days 0, 28, and 56 for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis, microcomputed tomography, and histology and fluorescent microscopy analysis.Our experiments showed that dynamic loading had a striking effect on condylar cartilage, increasing the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, and promoting chondrocyte maturation. This effect was accompanied by increased endochondral bone formation resulting in lengthening of the condylar process.Low-magnitude, high-frequency dynamic loading can have a positive effect on condylar cartilage and endochondral bone formation in vivo. This effect has the potential to be used as a treatment for regenerating condylar cartilage and to enhance the effect of orthopedic appliances on mandibular growth. 

Dynamic loading stimulates mandibular condyle remodeling.

Nonsurgical treatment and surgical repairment of injured Achilles tendons seldom restore the wounded tendon to its original elasticity and stiffness. Therefore, we hypothesized that the surgically repaired Achilles tendon can achieve satisfactory regeneration by applying multi-drug encapsulated hydrogels. In this study, a novel bupivacaine-eluting carbon dioxide-encapsulated Pluronic F127 hydrogel (BC-hydrogel) was developed for the treatment of Achilles tendon injuries. The rheological properties of BC-hydrogel were measured. A high-performance liquid chromatography assay was used to assess the release characteristics of bupivacaine in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Furthermore, the effectiveness of BC-hydrogel in treating torn tendons was examined in a rat model, and histological analyses were conducted. Evidently, the degradable hydrogels continuously eluted bupivacaine for more than 14 days. The animal study results revealed that the BC-hydrogel improved the post-surgery mobility of the animals compared with pristine hydrogels. Histological assay results demonstrated a significant reaction to high vascular endothelial growth factor in the surrounding tissues and expression of collagen I within the repaired tendon. This demonstrates the potential of this novel BC-hydrogel as an effective treatment method for Achilles tendon injuries. 

Novel CO2-encapsulated Pluronic F127 hydrogel for the treatment of Achilles tendon injury

Background: We have previously shown that low-magnitude, high-frequency dynamic loading has an osteogenic effect on alveolar bone. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts origi nate from the same progenitor cells; therefore, dynamic loading may stimulate a similar response in chondrocytes. This could be beneficial for patients with damaged condylar cartilage or mandibular deficiency. Methods: In vitro studies were conducted using a well described cultured chondrocyte differentiation model. When embryonic chick upper sternum (US) and lower sternum (LS) chondrocytes were treated with retinoic acid and ascorbic acid in culture, only US cells responded to these agents by undergoing differentiation characterized by Type X collagen expression and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. After confluency, chon drocytes were exposed to dynamic load (60 Hz, 0.3 g acceleration, 20 µm amplitude) 5 minutes per day for 5 days, in the presence or absence of retinoic acid (0 and 35nM). The effect of dynamic load on cell proliferation, differentiation and survival was studied at the end of the experimental period. In vivo studies were conducted on growing Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 3 groups: control, static load and dynamic load. Dynamic load was applied 5 minutes per day on the lower right molars at 0.3g acceleration and peak strain of 30 µε registered by accelerometer and strain gauge. The static group received an equivalent magnitude of static force (30 µε). The Control group did not receive any treatment. Samples were collected at 0, 28 and 56 days for RT-PCR analysis, micro-CT, histology and fluorescent microscopy analysis. Results: In vitro dynamic loading stimulated the proliferation of US and LS chondro cytes; however, it only enhanced maturation of US chondrocytes. No cellular toxicity was observed. In vivo experiments showed that dynamic loading had a striking effect on condylar cartilage, increasing the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. This effect was accompanied with increased endochondral bone formation resulting in lengthening of the condylar process. Conclusion: Low-magnitude, high-frequency dynamic loading can positively effect chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation, both in vitro and in vivo. This effect has the potential to be used as treatment for regenerating condylar cartilage and to enhance the effect of orthopedic appliances on mandibular growth.

Orthopedic Effect of Dynamic Loading on Condylar Cartilage

CO2 is one of main byproducts during mitochondrial oxidation. Under the acute occlusion of coronary artery situation, the intra-tissue pCO2 of heart could be extremely high. This CO2 accumulation will be acutely unloaded and discharged by blood reperfusion. However, the effect of this intra-tissue CO2 accumulation then unloading process on cardiac ischemic reperfusion injury has not been well investigated yet. In the present study, we show that the perfusion with a high level of pCO2 and normal pO2 in the initial 30min followed by a 30min normal pCO2 and normal pO2 is better than the perfusion with 1h normal pCO2 and normal pO2 simultaneously during the reperfusion after a 45min global ischemia in isolated rat hearts. To observe the effect of high pCO2 on cellular metabolism, we exposed C2C12 cells under about 370mmHg pCO2 to observe the mitochondrial substrate switch and TCA cycle flux change, by using 13C tracers. We show that a short time exposure to the extremely high level of pCO2 is not completely destructive for cellular metabolism but has specific effects. The high pCO2 inhibits pyruvate transport into mitochondria and the next oxidation, switching to more reliance on fatty acid oxidation and enhancing the glutamine oxidation to maintain the TCA cycle. Intriguingly, the high pCO2 significantly activates the reductive carboxylation from glutamine, fixation of mitochondrial excessive CO2. The mechanism under the beneficial effect of the high-then-low CO2 sequential reperfusion strategy is discussed further.

Sequential restoring O2 then unloading CO2 is beneficial against reperfusion injury: role of CO2 in metabolism

Background and Objective: Chondrocytes in the growth plate are a major player in the process of endochondral ossification through from proliferation to hypertrophy, leading to the longitudinal growth of the skeleton. Exercise promotes the longitudinal growth, whereas excessive exercise inhibits bone growth. The exercise condition is defined as a combination of intensity, frequency, and duration; and what these combinations leading to the best for the bone growth remain unclear. Our objective was to determine what combination of different exercise conditions lead to the best for a favorable response in the growth plate.
Methods: A total of 27 male young mice were divided into control group and 8 treadmill exercise groups; high-intensity (running), high-frequency (every day), and long-duration (60 min); high-intensity, high-frequency, and short-duration (15 min); high-intensity, low-frequency (Once in 3 d), and longduration; high-intensity, low-frequency, and short-duration; low-intensity (walking), high-frequency, and long-duration; low-intensity, high-frequency, and short-duration; low-intensity, low-frequency, and long-duration; low-intensity, low-frequency, and short-duration. We quantified histologic characteristics in the growth plate after exercise.
Results: The thickness of the growth plate, cell proliferation, and the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate increased in the high-intensity exercise compared with the lowintensity; further, osteoclasts in the primary spongiosa increased by high-intensity and low-frequency and long-duration exercise.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that chondrocyte activity and bone metabolism promote in highintensity and low-frequency and long-duration in young mice. These findings may shed light on the underlying of the promotion of the longitudinal bone growth by exercise.

/pdf/effects-of-different-exercises-on-the-growth-plate-in-young-4dkwtvkl5i.pdf

Effects of different exercises on the growth plate in young growing mice

BackgroundJoint contractures are a major complication in patients with spinal cord injuries. Positioning, stretching, and physical therapy are advocated to prevent and treat contractures; however, many patients still develop them. Joint motion (exercise) is crucial to correct contractures. T

Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Improves Contractures After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

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Effects of different exercises on the growth plate in young growing mice

Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Improves Contractures After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.