Ginsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins that can be classified into two groups by the skeleton of their aglycones, namely dammarane‐ and oleanane‐type. Ginsenosides are found nearly exclusively in Panax species (ginseng) and up to now more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves/stems, fruits, and/or flower heads of ginseng. Ginsenosides have been the target of a lot of research as they are believed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The potential health effects of ginsenosides that are discussed in this chapter include anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system. Ginsensoides can be metabolized in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and in the gastrointestinal tract (bacterial hydrolysis) or transformed to other ginsenosides by drying and steaming of ginseng to more bioavailable and bioactive ginsenosides. The metabolization and transformation of intact ginsenosides, which seems to play an important role for their potential health effects, are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides are important in relation to quality control of ginseng products and plant material and for the determination of the effects of processing of plant material as well as for the determination of the metabolism and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides that are described in this chapter are thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with various detectors, gas chromatography (GC), colorimetry, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), capillary electrophoresis (CE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric methods.

Ginsenosides: Chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis and potential health effects

Chapter 1 Ginsenosides

Saponins in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae): A systematic review of their chemical diversity

For the past 50 years, the main weapons in the war against cancer have been early detection and surgical removal, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and attempts to develop gene therapy. However, the results so far are less than ideal. One strategy now is to switch from therapeutic approaches to prevention of cancer by improving lifestyle and by identifying effective natural products as chemopreventive agents. One promising candidate with cancer-preventive effects that are not specific to any organ is Panax ginseng C A Meyer, a herb with a long medicinal history. Its protective influence against cancer has been shown by extensive preclinical and epidemiological studies, but these effects need to be carefully investigated by scientific clinical trials focusing on the major cancer killers stomach, lung, liver, and colorectal cancer.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(00)00196-0.pdf

Panax ginseng--a non-organ-specific cancer preventive?

Stevia rebaudiana, a perennial herb from the Asteraceae family, is known to the scientific world for its sweetness and steviol glycosides (SGs). SGs are the secondary metabolites responsible for the sweetness of Stevia. They are synthesized by SG biosynthesis pathway operating in the leaves. Most of the genes encoding the enzymes of this pathway have been cloned and characterized from Stevia. Out of various SGs, stevioside and rebaudioside A are the major metabolites. SGs including stevioside have also been synthesized by enzymes and microbial agents. These are non-mutagenic, non-toxic, antimicrobial, and do not show any remarkable side-effects upon consumption. Stevioside has many medical applications and its role against diabetes is most important. SGs have made Stevia an important part of the medicinal world as well as the food and beverage industry. This article presents an overview on Stevia and the importance of SGs.

Steviol Glycosides from Stevia: Biosynthesis Pathway Review and their Application in Foods and Medicine

From rhizomes and roots of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., Araliaceae, commonly known as Vietnamese Ginseng, two new acetylate saponins named vina-ginsenoside-R1 (13) and vina-ginsenoside-R2 (15) were isolated. On the basis of chemical and spectral data, 13 was formulated as monoacetyl 24(S)-pseudo-ginsenoside-F11 and 15 was proved to be monoacetyl majonside-R2. Besides the two new saponins and beta-sitosteryl-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, sixteen known saponins were also isolated and identified. Dammarane saponins:ginsenoside-Rh1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rh1 (1), ginsenosides-Rg1 (2), -Re (3), -Rd (6), -Rb3 (7), -Rb2 (8), -Rb1 (9), pseudo-ginsenoside-RS1 (= monoacetyl ginsenoside-Re, 4), notoginsenosides-R1 (5) and -Fa (10). Ocotillol-type saponins:pseudo-ginsenoside-RT4 (11), 24(S)-pseudo-ginsenoside-F11 (12), majonosides-R1 (16) and -R2 (14). Oleanolic acid saponins:ginsenoside-Ro (= chikusetsusaponin V, 17) and hemsloside-Ma3 (18), a saponin previously isolated from a cucurbitaceous plant, Hemsleya macrosperma C. Y. Wu. Despite having large horizontally elongated rhizomes, the underground part of this plant contains mainly dammarane saponins and a small amount of oleanolic acid saponins. In addition, the yield of ocotillol-type saponins, especially majonoside-R2, is surprisingly very high (more than 5% and ca. half of the total yield of saponin). This characteristic saponin composition has made Vietnamese Ginseng an interesting species among Panax spp.

/pdf/saponins-from-vietnamese-ginseng-panax-vietnamensis-ha-et-2n6rl73q6z.pdf

Saponins from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis HA et GRUSHV. Collected in Central Vietnam. III

1, 4-α-Glucosylation at the 13-O-glycosyl moiety of stevioside (S) and rubusoside (RU) results in a significant increase of sweetness. Saponification of the 19-COO-β-glucosyl linkage of S and RU yielded steviolbioside (SB) (=13-O-β-sophorosyl-steviol) and steviolmonoside (SM) (=13-O-β-glucosyl-steviol), respectively, both of which are poorly soluble in an acetate buffer. It was found that the solubilities of SM and SB in the buffer solution were remarkably increased in the presence of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). SB was solubilized in the buffer solution with the aid of γ-CD, and the solution was subjected to 1, 4-α-transglucosylation by using a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-starch system to give a mixture of products which were glucosylated at the 13-O-glycosyl moiety. This mixture was acetylated, and the acetate was subjected to chemical β-glucosylation of 19-COOH followed by deacetylation to afford compounds which have superior sweetness to S. In the same way, derivatives with superior sweetness were selectively prepared from RU through SM.

Solubilization of Steviolbioside and Steviolmonoside with γ-Cyclodextrin and Its Application to Selective Syntheses of Better Sweet Glycosides from Stevioside and Rubusoside

Adenophora tetraphylla (=A. triphylla, Campanulaceae) is a source of the traditional Chinese medicine "Shashen". From the roots of this plant, three new phenolic glycosides, called shashenosides I, II and III (2-4) were isolated together with siringinoside (1), β-sitosteryl-β-D-glucoside, linoleic acid and methyl stearate. The common aglycone of 2, 3 and 4 was identified as 3-methoxy-5-(2'-propenyl)-1, 2-benzenediol [=1-O-methyl-5-(2'-propenyl)-pyrogallol=6-hydroxyeugenol, 6], and the structures of 2 and 3 were elucidated as 2, 3-di-O-β-glucopyranoside and 3-O-α-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranoside of 6, respectively. Shashenoside III (4) was formulated as 2-O-β-glucopyranoside of 3. No saponin was found in the roots.

Phenolic Glycosides from Roots of Adenophora tetraphylla Collected in Heilongjiang, China.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject agent useful as a preventing agent for gastric ulcer, duodenum ulcer, etc, a treating agent for these peptic ulcers or a preventing agent for their relapse by using a saponin having a specific structure as an active ingredient SOLUTION: This anti-Helicobacter pylori agent as a specific antibacterial agent against Helicobacter pylori, not showing any antibacterial effect on other microorganisms, and useful for the treatment and the prevention of a peptic ulcer or as a preventing agent for relapse thereof, is obtained by mixing a saponin expressed by formula I [R is a sugar residue; R is H or OH; R is H or a sugar residue; R is groups of formula II (R is H or a sugar residue; R is H or OH) or formula III (R , R are each H or OH provided that R and R are not simultaneously OH); when R and R are sugar residues, each of the sugar residues may bind through 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1,5-pentadioyl group] with a medicinal carrier and forming a preparation

Anti-helicobacter pylori agent

PURPOSE: The titled preparation that contains, as an active ingredient, polysaccharides isolated from ginseng CONSTITUTION: Polysaccharides, preferably containing at least one monosaccharide selected from arabinose, galactose, and glucose and having more than 100,000molwt, which have been isolated from ginseng, are used to give the objective preparation stimulating biological defensive ability such as functional stimulation of reticuloendothelial system, resistance to microbism and antitumor ability The preparation is in the form of dust, granules, tablets, capsules, syrup or injection solution and is given orally or parenterally The dose is 01W1,000 mg/day/man based on the polysaccharide in oral administration once a day or in portions The polysaccharide is extracted from genseng with water and the extract is precipitated by addition of an organic solvent Then, the precipitate is subjected to chromatography with an ion-exchange resin or gel filtration agent COPYRIGHT: (C)1986,JPO&Japio

Stimulator for defensive ability of living body

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