Objectives: Increasing protein or amino acid intake has been promoted as a promising strategy to increase muscle mass and strength in elderly people, however, long-term intervention studies show inconsistent findings. Therefore, we aim to determine the impact of protein or amino acid supplementation compared to placebo on muscle mass and strength in older adults by combining the results from published trials in a metaanalysis and pooled individual participant data analysis. Design: We searched Medline and Cochrane databases and performed a meta-analysis on eight available trials on the effect of protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in older adults. Furthermore, we pooled individual data of six of these randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. The main outcomes were change in lean body mass and change in muscle strength for both the meta-analysis and the pooled analysis. Results: The meta-analysis of eight studies (n=557) showed no significant positive effects of protein or amino acid supplementation on lean body mass (mean difference: 0.014 kg: 95% CI -0.152; 0.18), leg press strength (mean difference: 2.26 kg: 95% CI -0.56; 5.08), leg extension strength (mean difference: 0.75 kg: 95% CI: -1.96, 3.47) or handgrip strength (mean difference: -0.002 kg: 95% CI -0.182; 0.179). Likewise, the pooled analysis showed no significant difference between protein and placebo treatment on lean body mass (n=412: p=0.78), leg press strength (n=121: p=0.50), leg extension strength (n=121: p=0.16) and handgrip strength (n=318: p=0.37). Conclusions: There is currently no evidence to suggest that protein or amino acid supplementation without concomitant nutritional or exercise interventions increases muscle mass or strength in predominantly healthy elderly people.

The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people

Rhamnan sulfate, a rhamnose-rich sulfated polysaccharide, is present in the cell walls of green seaweed belonging to the genus Monostroma. This macromolecule demonstrates promising therapeutic properties, including anti-coagulant, thrombolytic, anti-viral, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities, which hold potential applications in food and medical industries. However, rhamnan sulfate has not garnered as much attention from researchers as other seaweed polysaccharides, including alginate, carrageenan, and fucoidan. This review discusses the extraction and purification techniques of rhamnan sulfate, delves into its chemical structures and related elucidation approaches, and provides an overview of its biological functions. Future research should focus on the structure-activity relationship of rhamnan sulfate and the industrial preparation of rhamnan sulfate with a specific homogeneous structure to facilitate its practical applications. 

Preparation, structures, and biological functions of rhamnan sulfate from green seaweed of the genus Monostroma: A review

We present here the survey methods and basic results of dietary records which were used as reference values in the present validation study of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC study. A semi-weighed dietary record was kept for four seven consecutive days in each of the four seasons in 3 areas, i.e., Iwate, Akita, and Nagano, and for seven consecutive days in both winter and summer in Okinawa. The mean intakes were significantly different between areas for some nutrients and food groups. A significant seasonal difference in the mean intakes was also observed in some nutrients such as carotene and vitamin C, and in some food groups such as potatoes, vegetables, and fruits in both sexes, and alcoholic beverages in men and milks in women (p<0.001).

Food and nutrient intakes assessed with dietary records for the validation study of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire in JPHC study cohort I

Malnutrition in older adults can decrease quality of life and increase risk of morbidities and mortality. Accurate and timely identification of malnutrition, as well as subsequent implementation of effective interventions, are essential to decrease poor outcomes associated with malnutrition in older adults. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Center conducted a systematic review of the literature to develop an evidence-based nutrition practice guideline for the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in older adults. The objective of this guideline was to provide evidence-based recommendations to identify, prevent, or treat protein-energy malnutrition in older adults (mean age ≥65 years) living in long-term care and community settings. This guideline provides 11 nutrition recommendations to inform shared decision making among dietitians, members of the health care team, family members or caregivers, and older adults living in long-term care or the community to prevent or treat malnutrition. Topics include dietitian effectiveness, nutrition assessment tools, oral nutrition supplements, food fortification, and home-delivered and congregate meals. Guideline implementation should include consideration of the importance of comprehensive individualized nutrition care for older adults. Future research is needed to address gaps that were identified related to the validity, reliability, and feasibility of nutrition assessment tools, as well as the effectiveness of dietitian interventions on outcomes of interest in older adults living in long-term care and the community. 

Prevention and Treatment of Malnutrition in Older Adults Living in Long-Term Care or the Community: Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guidelines.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent studies that assessed whether nutritional supplementation enhances the efficacy of exercise training in older adults, focusing on the benefits for physical/functional performance of protein, vitamin D, or multi-ingredient supplementation. RECENT FINDINGS Studies applying long-term exercise training strongly support the benefits of different exercise regimens for muscle strength and function but most studies do not provide direct evidence for protein, vitamin D, or multi-ingredient supplementation to further augment such improvements in older adults. Several methodological limitations are addressed that likely limited the reliability to convincingly establish or refute any additive effects of supplementation. Only when specifically tailored to the population under study, ensuring proper intensity, duration, and adherence to exercise, and aiming for a daily intake of ∼1.5 g protein per kg body mass, and ∼800 IU of vitamin D supplementation, there appears to be some potential to augment the efficacy of long-term exercise training in older adults, with potentially greater benefits in compromised older subpopulations. SUMMARY There is some support for the efficacy of nutritional supplementation to further augment the beneficial effects of prolonged exercise training in older adults but any intervention needs tailoring of both the exercise and the nutritional intervention towards the intended (sub)population.

Nutritional supplementation to enhance the efficacy of exercise training in older adults: what is the evidence from the latest randomized controlled trials?

We previously reported that rhamnan sulfate (RS) purified from Monostroma nitidum significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Here, we analyzed the effect of orally administered RS on LPS-induced damage to mouse organs and vascular endothelium. RS (1 mg) was orally administered daily to BALB/c mice, 50 μg of LPS was intraperitoneally administered on day 8, and Evans blue was injected into the tail vein 6 h later. After 30 min, LPS-treated mice showed pulmonary Evans blue leakage and elevated plasma levels of liver damage markers, whereas this reaction was suppressed in LPS + RS-treated mice. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of mouse organs 24 h after LPS treatment showed significant neutrophil infiltration into the lung, liver, and jejunum tissues of LPS-treated mice and high expression levels of inflammation-related factors in these tissues. Expression levels of these factors were significantly suppressed in LPS + RS-treated mice. Analysis of lung glycocalyx showed a significant reduction in glycocalyx in LPS-treated mice but not in LPS + RS-treated mice. Levels of syndecan-4, one of the glycocalyx components, decreased in LPS-treated mice and increased in LPS + RS-treated mice. The current results suggest that orally administered RS protects organs and vascular endothelium from LPS-induced inflammation and maintains blood circulation.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/2/121/pdf?version=1644821154

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Orally Administered Monostroma nitidum Rhamnan Sulfate against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Damage to Mouse Organs and Vascular Endothelium

The present invention aims to provide a novel composition having a prophylactic or improvement effect on peripheral neuropathy. A composition for the prophylaxis or improvement of peripheral neuropathy, which contains an amino acid containing serine, and a lipid containing n-3 fatty acid.

Composition for preventing or improving peripheral neuropathy

Oral administration of rhamnan sulfate (RS), derived from the seaweed Monostroma nitidum, markedly suppresses inflammatory damage in the vascular endothelium and organs of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. This study aimed to analyze whether orally administered RS inhibits the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation of the arteries. ApoE-deficient female mice were fed a normal or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without RS for 12 weeks. Immunohistochemical and mRNA analyses of atherosclerosis-related genes were performed. The effect of RS on the migration of RAW264.7 cells was also examined in vitro. RS administration suppressed the increase in blood total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In the aorta of HFD-fed mice, RS reduced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage accumulation, and elevation of VCAM-1 and inhibited the reduction of Robo4. Increased mRNA levels of Vcam1, Mmp9, and Srebp1 in atherosclerotic areas of HFD-fed mice were also suppressed with RS. Moreover, RS directly inhibited the migration of RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Thus, in HFD-fed ApoE-deficient mice, oral administration of RS ameliorated abnormal lipid metabolism and reduced vascular endothelial inflammation and hyperpermeability, macrophage infiltration and accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation in the arteries leading to atherosclerosis. These results suggest that RS is an effective functional food for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Oral Administration of Rhamnan Sulfate from Monostroma nitidum Suppresses Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

From zebrafish to clinical: Rhamnan sulfate improves constipation with gut microbiota alteration in double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Effects of a nutritional intervention with novel fortified food on malnutrition in hemodialysis patients with chronic inflammation

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