While using force-plate derived measures of vertical jump performance, reflective of stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC) efficiency is common practice in sport science, there is limited evidence as to which tests and measures may be most sensitive toward neuromuscular fatigue. The aim of this study was to explore the SSC fatigue response to a one-week high-intensity fatiguing phase of training in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-I basketball players.The study timeline consisted of three weeks of baseline measures, one week of high-intensity training, and two weeks of follow-up testing. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 10-5 hop tests were performed at baseline, as well as at two time-points during, and three time-points following the fatiguing training period, allowing for performance-comparisons with baseline.Compared to the weekly training sum at baseline, during the high intensity training phase, athletes were exposed to very large increases in selected external load metrics (ES = 1.44–3.16), suggesting that athletes experienced fatigue acutely, as well as potential longer lasting reductions in performance. Vertical jump data suggested that in the CMJ, traditional metrics such as jump height, as well as metrics reflecting kinetic outputs and movement strategies, were sensitive to the stark increase in high-intensity training exposure. The 10-5 hop test suggested a fatigue-induced loss of tolerance to ground impact reflected by performance reductions in metrics related to jump height and reactive strength qualities.These findings emphasize that when monitoring neuromuscular fatigue, variables and assessments may not be looked at individually, but rather as part of a more global monitoring approach.

Investigating the stretch-shortening cycle fatigue response to a high-intensity stressful phase of training in collegiate Men's basketball

Real-World Fatigue Testing in Professional Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to establish objective benchmarks for countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement rebound jump (CMRJ), and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) metrics in male professional and youth soccer players. Professional (N = 139; age: 24 ± 5 years; height: 184 ± 7 cm; mass: 81 ± 9 kg) and youth (N = 137; age: 17 ± 1 years; height: 178 ± 17 cm; mass: 72 ± 8 kg) soccer players were recruited from 7 separate clubs. Many CMJ (25/32), CMRJ (24/30), and (2/2) IMTP metrics discriminated between age groups. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were identified in CMJ outcome (4/4), propulsive kinetic (6/6), and relative propulsive kinetic (4/4) metrics, but trivial non-significant (p > 0.05) differences were identified in strategy (4/4) metrics. Rebound jump portion propulsive kinetic (4/4) metrics and braking depth demonstrated moderate to large differences between groups, but only one relative propulsive kinetic (1/4) metric demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) differences. Professional soccer players also demonstrated significantly (p < 0.001) greater IMTP peak force (3031 ± 549 N vs 2441 ± 452 N; g = 0.788) and relative peak force (37.39 ± 5.35 N/kg vs 34.01 ± 4.74 N/kg; g = 0.446) than youth soccer players.

Normative data and objective benchmarks for selected force plate tests for professional and youth soccer players in the English Football League.

Abstract Rebelo, A, Comfort, P, Harry, JR, and Ripley, N. Drop landing as a neuromuscular fatigue assessment: A submaximal alternative to traditional monitoring methods. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2025—Neuromuscular fatigue monitoring is important for optimizing performance and reducing injury risk in elite athletes and tactical personnel. Traditional assessments—such as the countermovement jump (CMJ) or the isometric mid-thigh pull—require maximal effort, which may be inconsistent because of motivation, external constraints, or strategic load management. As an alternative, drop landing emphasizes eccentric control and can be performed submaximally, potentially reducing variability associated with effort while still providing insight into neuromuscular fatigue. The aim of this study was to examine whether fall height, landing phase duration, landing performance index, and average impact force can indicate post-training neuromuscular fatigue in elite volleyball players. Fourteen players (age: 29.18 ± 6.24 years; height: 1.95 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 95.20 ± 7.83 kg) performed drop landings at 70, 85, and 100% of their maximal CMJ height before and after an 82-minute volleyball training session. Test-retest reliability was strong (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71–0.98, 95% CI; CV &lt; 6%). Post-training, fall height decreased at 100% ( g = 0.31, p = 0.003), while landing phase duration increased at 100% ( g = 0.55, p = 0.015). Average impact force declined at all drop heights, with significant reductions at 85% ( g = 0.34, p = 0.004) and 100% ( g = 0.35, p = 0.042), suggesting a more softer landing strategy. Landing performance index decreased at 85% ( g = 0.40, p = 0.019) and 100% ( g = 0.58, p = 0.002). These results suggest fatigue-induced changes in force attenuation strategies. Future research should examine whether similar adaptations occur between the landing phase of a maximal CMJ and a 100% drop landing under fatigue. 

Drop Landing as a Neuromuscular Fatigue Assessment: A Submaximal Alternative to Traditional Monitoring Methods

ABSTRACT
Dos'Santos, T, Evans, DT, and Read, DB. Validity of the Hawkin dynamics wireless dual force platform system against a piezoelectric laboratory grade system for vertical countermovement jump variables. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1144-1148, 2024-The aim of this study was to determine the criterion validity of the Hawkin Dynamics (HD) wireless dual force platform system for assessing vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) variables, compared with those derived from a Kistler piezoelectric laboratory grade force platform system. During a single testing session, HD force platforms were placed directly on top of 2 adjacent Kistler force platforms to simultaneously collect vertical ground reaction forces produced by 2 male recreational soccer players (age: 29.0 ± 2.8 years, height: 1.79 ± 0.01 m, mass: 85.6 ± 4.7 kg) that performed 25 vertical CMJs each. Sixteen vertical CMJ variables pertaining to jump height (JH), flight time (FT), time-to-take off (TTT), countermovement depth, body weight (BW), propulsive and braking mean, and peak powers, forces, and impulses were compared between systems. Fixed bias was observed for 6 of 16 variables (peak and mean braking power, mean propulsion force, TTT, FT, and BW), while proportional bias was present for 10 of 16 variables (peak and mean propulsive and braking force, TTT, FT, peak and mean braking power, mean propulsive power, and BW). For all variables regardless of fixed or proportional bias, percentage differences were ≤3.4% between force platform systems, with near perfect to perfect correlations (r or ρ = 0.977-1.000) observed for 15 of 16 variables. The HD dual wireless force platform system can be considered a valid alternative to a piezoelectric laboratory grade force platform system for the collection of vertical CMJ variables, particularly outcome (i.e., JH, reactive strength index modified) and strategy variables (countermovement depth).

Validity of the Hawkin Dynamics Wireless Dual Force Platform System Against a Piezoelectric Laboratory Grade System for Vertical Countermovement Jump Variables.

A countermovement jump (CMJ) performed on a force plate is commonly applied in soccer to quantify acute neuromuscular fatigue (NMF), which may manifest immediately following soccer match play. Jump height (JH) is the main outcome variable reported for this purpose; however, it is sensitive to alterations in movement strategy, which may act to mask JH and, therefore, mask any presence of NMF. Acute reductions in body mass (BM) during match play could also lead to the maintenance of JH, but this is yet to be explored. This study sought to explore soccer-match-induced alterations to JH, movement strategy, and BM to inform future variable selection for the study of acute NMF. Fourteen male English National League soccer players performed three CMJs on a dual-force plate system immediately before and after a competitive soccer match. Differences in jump height were non-significant and trivial (p = 0.924, g = 0.03) before and after soccer match play, but there was a large post-match decrease in BM (g = 1.66). Furthermore, moderate decreases in jump momentum (g = 0.56) and countermovement depth (g = 0.72) were noted. As JH was determined by the take-off velocity, reduced BM could have augmented it (less mass to accelerate); however, reduced countermovement depth seemingly counteracted this (less distance to attain velocity). It may, therefore, be beneficial to report these variables when monitoring acute NMF via the CMJ.

/pdf/changes-in-body-mass-and-movement-strategy-maintain-jump-20v36gvm.pdf

Changes in Body Mass and Movement Strategy Maintain Jump Height Immediately after Soccer Match

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Changes in Body Mass and Movement Strategy Maintain Jump Height Immediately after Soccer Match