https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/218161/1/1-s2.0-S1352231014002313-main.pdf

Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe

This review focuses on the observed characteristics of atmospheric newparticle formation (NPF) in different environments of the global troposphere. After a short introduction, wewill present a theoretical background that discusses themethods used to analyzemeasurement data on atmospheric NPF and the associated terminology.Wewill update on our current understanding of regionalNPF, i.e. NPF taking simultaneously place over large spatial scales, and complement that with a full review on reportedNPF and growth rates during regionalNPF events.Wewill shortly review atmospheric NPF taking place at sub-regional scales. Since the growth of newly-formed particles into larger sizes is of great current interest, wewill briefly discuss our observation-based understanding onwhich gaseous compounds contribute to the growth of newly-formed particles, andwhat implications this will have on atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei formation.Wewillfinish the reviewwith a summary of ourmain findings and future outlook that outlines the remaining research questions and needs for additionalmeasurements.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c/pdf

Atmospheric new particle formation and growth : review of field observations

We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM2.5 pollution impacts in 2020 with and without the use of low-sulphur fuels. Cleaner marine fuels will reduce ship-related premature mortality and morbidity by 34 and 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% global reduction in PM2.5 cardiovascular and lung cancer deaths and a ~3.6% global reduction in childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, low-sulphur marine fuels will still account for ~250k deaths and ~6.4 M childhood asthma cases annually, and more stringent standards beyond 2020 may provide additional health benefits. Lower sulphur fuels also reduce radiative cooling from ship aerosols by ~80%, equating to a ~3% increase in current estimates of total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies may need to achieve climate and health targets by jointly reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution.

/pdf/cleaner-fuels-for-ships-provide-public-health-benefits-with-3h3x3zr446.pdf

Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs

A review on regulations, current status, effects and reduction strategies of emissions for marine diesel engines

The California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study was conducted throughout California in May, June, and July of 2010. The study was organized to address issues simultaneously relevant to atmospheric pollution and climate change, including (1) emission inventory assessment, (2) atmospheric transport and dispersion, (3) atmospheric chemical processing, and (4) cloud-aerosol interactions and aerosol radiative effects. Measurements from networks of ground sites, a research ship, tall towers, balloon-borne ozonesondes, multiple aircraft, and satellites provided in situ and remotely sensed data on trace pollutant and greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol chemical composition and microphysical properties, cloud microphysics, and meteorological parameters. This overview report provides operational information for the variety of sites, platforms, and measurements, their joint deployment strategy, and summarizes findings that have resulted from the collaborative analyses of the CalNex field study. Climate-relevant findings from CalNex include that leakage from natural gas infrastructure may account for the excess of observed methane over emission estimates in Los Angeles. Air-quality relevant findings include the following: mobile fleet VOC significantly declines, and NO_x emissions continue to have an impact on ozone in the Los Angeles basin; the relative contributions of diesel and gasoline emission to secondary organic aerosol are not fully understood; and nighttime NO_3 chemistry contributes significantly to secondary organic aerosol mass in the San Joaquin Valley. Findings simultaneously relevant to climate and air quality include the following: marine vessel emissions changes due to fuel sulfur and speed controls result in a net warming effect but have substantial positive impacts on local air quality.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jgrd.50331

The 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study

Atmospheric emissions of gas and particulate matter from a large ocean-going container vessel were sampled as it slowed and switched from high-sulfur to low-sulfur fuel as it transited into regulated coastal waters of California. Reduction in emission factors (EFs) of sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter, particulate sulfate and cloud condensation nuclei were substantial (≥90%). EFs for particulate organic matter decreased by 70%. Black carbon (BC) EFs were reduced by 41%. When the measured emission reductions, brought about by compliance with the California fuel quality regulation and participation in the vessel speed reduction (VSR) program, are placed in a broader context, warming from reductions in the indirect effect of SO4 would dominate any radiative changes due to the emissions changes. Within regulated waters absolute emission reductions exceed 88% for almost all measured gas and particle phase species. The analysis presented provides direct estimations of the emissions reductions that can be...

/pdf/impact-of-fuel-quality-regulation-and-speed-reductions-on-5dr3mqkjhz.pdf

Impact of fuel quality regulation and speed reductions on shipping emissions: implications for climate and air quality.

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Impact of fuel quality regulation and speed reductions on shipping emissions: implications for climate and air quality.