Sustainable energy production is a worldwide concern due to the adverse effects and limited availability of fossil fuels, requiring the development of suitable environmentally friendly alternatives. Hydrogen is considered a sustainable future energy source owing to its unique properties as a clean and nontoxic fuel with high energy yield and abundance. Hydrogen can be produced through renewable and nonrenewable sources where the production method and feedstock used are indicators of whether they are carbon-neutral or not. Biomass is one of the renewable hydrogen sources that is also available in large quantities and can be used in different conversion methods to produce fuel, heat, chemicals, etc. Biomass gasification is a promising technology to generate carbon-neutral hydrogen. However, tar production during this process is the biggest obstacle limiting hydrogen production and commercialization of biomass gasification technology. This review focuses on hydrogen production through catalytic biomass gasification. The effect of different catalysts to enhance hydrogen production is reviewed, and social, technological, economic, environmental, and political (STEEP) analysis of catalysts is carried out to demonstrate challenges in the field and the development of catalysts.

Review on Catalytic Biomass Gasification for Hydrogen Production as a Sustainable Energy Form and Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Political Analysis of Catalysts

Steelmaking in the electric arc furnace (EAF), either scrap-based or based on hydrogen direct reduced iron, will in future contribute substantially to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry However, there still will be the need to introduce carbon into the EAF process either to carburize the steel or to create foaming slag to improve the energy efficiency of the melting process So, to reach the emission reduction goals set around the world, it will be necessary to substitute fossil charge and injection carbon used in EAF steelmaking with alternative carbon sources This review presents the recent research on carbon-neutral biomass-based and circular rubber or plastics-based carbon sources and their potential to substitute fossil charge or injection carbon in the EAF process It also discusses the current state-of-the art and suggests further opportunities and needs for research and development to use alternative carbon sources to produce a really green and carbon neutral and/or fully circular steel

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/11/2/222/pdf

Review on the Use of Alternative Carbon Sources in EAF Steelmaking

Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by the storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option to the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.

/pdf/application-of-liquid-hydrogen-carriers-in-hydrogen-3cry321n82.pdf

Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of biochar combustion in a simulated ironmaking electric arc furnace

A Comparison of Two Hydrogen Storages in a Fossil Free Direct Reduced Iron Process

In early 2018, the newly established Swedish Climate Act set some ambitious climate targets among which the most defining is a long term goal to reach net-zero greenhouse emissions on a national level by 2045. Sweden’s total greenhouse emissions were 52.7 million metric tons in 2017, of which 11.8% originated from the iron and steelmaking industry.1,2) The majority of direct greenhouse gas emissions in iron and steelmaking come from fossil-based process coal and coke used as fuel and reduction agent in blast furnaces, but not to be dismissed are also the sizeable emissions that originate from fossil carbon consumption during melting of steel scrap in electric arc furnaces. Furthermore, greenhouse emissions from EAF steelmaking are likely to increase as the share of global crude steel production via the EAF is predicted to grow substantially over the coming decades.3) In the EAF, carbon charge serves three purposes; as an additional energy source, as a slag foaming agent and most intuitively as an alloying element in molten iron to produce An Empirical Comparative Study of Renewable Biochar and Fossil Carbon as Carburizer in Steelmaking

/pdf/an-empirical-comparative-study-of-renewable-biochar-and-4scs5z22w4.pdf

An Empirical Comparative Study of Renewable Biochar and Fossil Carbon as Carburizer in Steelmaking

Biomass char produced from pyrolysis processes is of great interest to be utilized as renewable solid fuels or materials. Forest byproducts and agricultural wastes are low-cost and sustainable biom...

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.1c05728

CO2 Gasification Reactivity of Char from High-Ash Biomass

The significance of intraparticle and interparticle diffusion during CO2 gasification of biomass char in a packed bed

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An Empirical Comparative Study of Renewable Biochar and Fossil Carbon as Carburizer in Steelmaking

CO2 Gasification Reactivity of Char from High-Ash Biomass

The significance of intraparticle and interparticle diffusion during CO2 gasification of biomass char in a packed bed