Two categories of evolutionary challenges result from escalating human impacts on the planet. The first arises from cancers, pathogens and pests that evolve too quickly, and the second from the inability of many valued species to adapt quickly enough. Applied evolutionary biology provides a suite of strategies to address these global challenges that threaten human health, food security, and biodiversity. This review highlights both progress and gaps in genetic, developmental and environmental manipulations across the life sciences that either target the rate and direction of evolution, or reduce the mismatch between organisms and human-altered environments. Increased development and application of these underused tools will be vital in meeting current and future targets for sustainable development.

/pdf/applying-evolutionary-biology-to-address-global-challenges-17emfrdure.pdf

Applying evolutionary biology to address global challenges.

Studies on invasive plant management are often short in duration and limited in the methods tested, and lack an adequate description of plant communities that replace the invader following removal. Here we present a com- prehensive review of management studies on a single species, in an effort to elucidate future directions for research in invasive plant management. We reviewed the literature on Phragmites management in North America in an effort to synthesize our understanding of management efforts, identify gaps in knowledge and improve the efficacy of man- agement. Additionally, we assessed recent ecological findings concerning Phragmites mechanisms of invasion and integrated these findings into our recommendations for more effective management. Our overall goal is to examine whether or not current management approaches can be improved and whether they promote reestablishment of native plant communities. We found: (i) little information on community-level recovery of vegetation following removal of Phragmites; and (ii) most management approaches focus on the removal of Phragmites from individual stands or groups of stands over a relatively small area. With a few exceptions, recovery studies did not monitor vege- tation for substantial durations, thus limiting adequate evaluation of the recovery trajectory. We also found that none of the recovery studies were conducted in a landscape context, even though it is now well documented that land-use patterns on adjacent habitats influence the structure and function of wetlands, including the expansion of Phragmites. We suggest that Phragmites management needs to shift to watershed-scale efforts in coastal regions, or larger man- agement units inland. In addition, management efforts should focus on restoring native plant communities, rather than simply eradicating Phragmites stands. Wetlands and watersheds should be prioritized to identify ecosystems that would benefit most from Phragmites management and those where the negative impact of management would be minimal.

/pdf/phragmites-australis-management-in-the-united-states-40-a4ojrwje0j.pdf

Phragmites australis management in the United States: 40 years of methods and outcomes

Phragmites australis (common reed) is one of the most extensively distributed emergent plant species in the world. This plant has been used for phytoremediation of different types of wastewater, soil, and sediments since the 1970s. Published research confirms that P. australis is a great accumulator for different types of nutrients and heavy metals than other aquatic plants. Therefore, a comprehensive review is needed to have a better understanding of the suitability of this plant for removal of different types of nutrients and heavy metals. This review investigates the existing literature on the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from wastewater, soil, and sediment using P. australis. In addition, after phytoremediation, P. australis has the potential to be used for additional benefits such as the production of bioenergy and animal feedstock due to its specific characteristics. Determination of adaptive strategies is vital to reduce the invasive growth of P. australis in the environment and its economic effects. Future research is suggested to better understand the plant’s physiology and biochemistry for increasing its pollutant removal efficiency.

Phytoremediation potential and control of Phragmites australis as a green phytomass: an overview.

The nonnative biotype of common reed has invaded wetlands in many states including Nebraska, especially along the Platte River from Wyoming to the eastern edge of Nebraska. Therefore, three studies (disking followed by herbicide, mowing followed by herbicide, and herbicide followed by mechanical treatment) were conducted for 3 yr (2008 to 2010) at three locations in Nebraska. The objective was to evaluate common reed control along the Platte River using an integrated management approach based on herbicides (glyphosate or imazapyr), mowing, and disking, either applied alone or in combination. The level of weed control was determined by visual rating, percent flowering, and stem density. On the basis of visual rating, disking and mowing used alone provided common reed control for only a few months. However, the control was significantly prolonged (e.g., at least three seasons) when disking and mowing were combined with herbicide applications. Disking followed by herbicide and mowing followed by her...

https://bioone.org/journals/weed-technology/volume-26/issue-2/WT-D-11-00119.1/Integrated-Management-of-Common-Reed-Phragmites-australis-along-the-Platte/10.1614/WT-D-11-00119.1.pdf

Integrated Management of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) along the Platte River in Nebraska

/pdf/wetland-program-plan-for-nebraska-56crsbmmch.pdf

Wetland Program Plan for Nebraska

Herbicides are typically used as the primary method of weed control. Since common reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis) infestations in terms of density are relatively large in the State of Nebraska, USA, determining the most appropriate timing of herbicide application is critical for developing a weed management programme. Therefore, several field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at three locations along the Platte River, Nebraska, with the aim of assessing the effect of herbicide selection and timing of application on common reed control. Three herbicides (glyphosate, imazapyr, and imazamox) were applied either alone at two doses or as two-way mixtures on three growth stages of common reed, including vegetative, flowering, and seed filling stages. Both doses of imazapyr (280 and 560 g active ingredient [a] ha−1) provided the highest level of control (≥ 92%) across all three timings, while imazamox provided the lowest level of control. For example, imazamox applied alone at 280 and 560 g a ...

Common reed (Phragmites australis) control is influenced by the timing of herbicide application

/pdf/ec08-166-noxious-weeds-of-nebraska-common-reed-i6oo6o7z2b.pdf

EC08-166 Noxious Weeds of Nebraska : Common Reed

Spring-applied saflufenacil and imazapic provided longer lasting Euphorbia esula L. control than fall applications

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Integrated Management of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) along the Platte River in Nebraska

Common reed (Phragmites australis) control is influenced by the timing of herbicide application

EC08-166 Noxious Weeds of Nebraska : Common Reed

Spring-applied saflufenacil and imazapic provided longer lasting Euphorbia esula L. control than fall applications