Soil Chemical Analysis

The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Room-temperature (RT) gas sensing is desirable for battery-powered or self-powered instrumentation that can monitor emissions associated with pollution and industrial processes. This review (with 171 references) discusses recent advances in three types of porous nanostructures that have shown remarkable potential for RT gas sensing. The first group comprises hierarchical oxide nanostructures (mainly oxides of Sn, Ni, Zn, W, In, La, Fe, Co). The second group comprises graphene and its derivatives (graphene, graphene oxides, reduced graphene oxides, and their composites with metal oxides and noble metals). The third group comprises 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (mainly sulfides of Mo, W, Sn, Ni, also in combination with metal oxides). They all have been found to enable RT sensing of gases such as NOx, NH3, H2, SO2, CO, and of vapors such as of acetone, formaldehyde or methanol. Attractive features also include high selectivity and sensitivity, long-term stability and affordable costs. Strengths and limitations of these materials are highlighted, and prospects with respect to the development of new materials to overcome existing limitations are discussed.

A review on chemiresistive room temperature gas sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures, graphene and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides

Non-mycorrhizal microbial inoculants (biofertilizers) can potentially stimulate soil P cycling by solubilizing organic- and mineral-bound P. These P-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) include a wide range of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, many of which are common in the rhizosphere. There appears to be two main PSM strategies for enhancing soil P availability, namely (1) the enhanced dissolution of P-containing minerals through a combination of soil acidification and the release of metal complexing agents (predominantly organic acid anions) and (2) the enzymatic breakdown of organic P. In terms of P cycling in natural environments, it is likely that strategy (2) is most important in terms of the annual flux of P through the plant–soil system. However, in highly P-limiting environments it is likely that strategy (1) becomes more important for mobilizing highly insoluble mineral-bound P. Field application of PSM have shown highly variable responses due to the fact that most PSM are not selected for their rhizosphere competence or for their ability to survive in different soil types.

Solubilization of Phosphorus by Soil Microorganisms

The need to improve the sensitivity, selectivity and stability of ozone gas sensors capable of monitoring the environment to prevent hazard to humans has sparked research on binary metal oxides. Here we report on a novel ozone gas sensor made with ca. 0.5 μm yolk-shelled ZnCo2O4 microstructures synthesized via an eco-friendly, co-precipitation method and subsequent annealing. With these ZnCo2O4 microspheres, ozone concentrations down to 80 parts per billion (ppb) could be detected with a.c. and d.c. electrical measurements. The sensor worked within a wide range of ozone concentrations, from 80 to 890 ppb, being also selective to ozone compared to CO, NH3 and NO2. The high performance could be attributed to the large surface area to volume ratio inherent in yolk-shell structures. Indeed, ozone molecules adsorbed on the ZnCo2O4 surface create a layer of holes that affect the conductivity, as in a p-type semiconductor. Since this mechanism of detection is generic, ZnCo2O4 microspheres can be further used in other environment monitoring devices.

/pdf/yolk-shelled-znco2o4-microspheres-surface-properties-and-gas-5fs5qf0tms.pdf

Yolk-shelled ZnCo2O4 microspheres: surface properties and gas sensing application

We report chemiresistive gas sensing characteristics of cobalt phthalocyanine films deposited on flexible bi-axially oriented polyethylene terephthalate substrates. Charge carrier mobility in these films systematically decreases upon bending, which implies that bending reduces π-π interactions among molecules. At room temperature, these films exhibited a reversible change in resistance on exposure to ammonia (5–50 ppm) along with high sensitivity and selectivity as well as fast response and recovery. The chemiresistive sensing properties were found to improve significantly under bend conditions owing to creation of more numbers of interaction sites.

Bending stress induced improved chemiresistive gas sensing characteristics of flexible cobalt-phthalocyanine thin films

Background: The role of pre-equilibrium emission within the heavy-ion fusion process has not been fully characterized. An accurate description of this process is important for understanding the formation of the compound nucleus in fusion reactions.Purpose: We develop a systematic description, based on experimental measurements, of the strength of the pre-equilibrium process in heavy-ion fusion reactions.Method: With a view to study pre-equilibrium emission process, the excitation functions for some neutron emission channels occurring in the fusion of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ with $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$ and $^{169}\mathrm{Tm}$, and of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ with $^{159}\mathrm{Tb},^{169}\mathrm{Tm}$, and $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, respectively, have been measured at incident energies from near the Coulomb barrier to $\ensuremath{\approx}7$ MeV/nucleon. The off-line $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrometry--based activation technique has been used for the measurements of excitation functions. The measured excitation functions have been compared with theoretical predictions based on pure statistical model code pace4 and Geometry Dependent Hybrid (GDH)-based code alice-91. The strength of pre-equilibrium emission has also determined from comparison of the experimental excitation functions and the pace4 calculations.Results: The measured excitation functions are satisfactorily reproduced by the pace4 calculations in the energy region up to the peak position. However, at relatively higher energies, the enhancement of experimental cross sections in the tail portion of excitation functions as compared to the theoretical predictions of code pace4 has been observed. The observed deviation may be attributed to the pre-equilibrium emission of particles during the thermalization of the compound nucleus. Further, alice-91 calculations which include PE emission satisfactorily reproduce the experimental data even at higher energies, indicating the significant contribution of pre-equilibrium emissions.Conclusions: Analysis of data clearly indicates that pre-equilibrium emission is an important reaction mechanism even at low projectile energies where the compound nucleus reaction mechanism dominates, and pre-equilibrium fraction `${P}_{FR}$ strongly depends on excitation energy available for surface nucleons in composite systems above the Coulomb barrier and the mass of the composite system.

Systematic study of pre-equilibrium emission at low energies in C 12 - and O 16 -induced reactions

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi for 3 years during rainy season (kharif) of 2001 to 2003 to study the effect of crop-residue incorporation on the relative efficiency of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Phosphorus application generally increased the growth and yield parameters, yields as well as gross and net returns of rice. The increase of these parameters was however significant when the rate of P application was increased from 0 to 35 kg P/ha. At 35 kg P/ha MRP in conjunction with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was statistically on a par with DAP, increasing the grain yield by 10–17%, P uptake by 26–54%, available P content in soil by 12–99% and net profit by 15–37% over the control. Agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of DAP were higher than those of MRP at 17.5 kg P/ha, but on a par with those at 35 kg P/ha. Crop-residue incorporation had no significant effect on grain yield but it significantly increased the apparent recovery of applied P and available P content of soil. Thus, the combined application of MRP, PSB and crop residue proved a good practice that can be used as P fertilizer for rice.

Effect of rates and sources of phosphorus on productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by crop-residue incorporation

Relative effect of zero and conventional tillage on growth and yield of wheat (triticum aestivum) and soil fertility under rice (oryza sativa): wheat cropping system

Implication of molecular orientation on charge transport and gas sensing characteristics of cobalt–phthalocyanine thin films

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