Evolutionary psychology is one of many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior. Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that the relevant internal mechanisms are adaptations—products of natural selection—that helped our ancestors get around the world, survive and reproduce. To understand the central claims of evolutionary psychology we require an understanding of some key concepts in evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. Philosophers are interested in evolutionary psychology for a number of reasons. For philosophers of science —mostly philosophers of biology—evolutionary psychology provides a critical target. There is a broad consensus among philosophers of science that evolutionary psychology is a deeply flawed enterprise. For philosophers of mind and cognitive science evolutionary psychology has been a source of empirical hypotheses about cognitive architecture and specific components of that architecture. Philosophers of mind are also critical of evolutionary psychology but their criticisms are not as all-encompassing as those presented by philosophers of biology. Evolutionary psychology is also invoked by philosophers interested in moral psychology both as a source of empirical hypotheses and as a critical target.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The conflict between science and the Bible, between Science and Christianity, or between “reason” and “faith” in broader terms, is an old one. Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century and the publication of Origin of Species, Christians have been on the defensive. And they have been on the defensive because they have accepted and believed the myth that science furnishes truth. Sad to say, most Christians have not kept up with the battle and still cling to the idea that there are at least two roads to truth: science and the Scripture. Consequently, they spend most of their time trying to reconcile science and Scripture in such a way as not to offend the “reason” of the natural man. In so doing, in accepting the premise that science is a cognitive enterprise that, properly pursued, leads to truth, these Christians have been doing a disservice to truth and to Christianity.

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

This article examines several methodological issues associated with combining qualitative and quantitative methods by comparing the increasing interest in this topic with the earlier renewal of interest in qualitative research during the 1980s. The first section argues for the value of Kuhn’s concept of paradigm shifts as a tool for examining changes in research fields such as social science research methodology. The next two sections consider the initial rise of the “metaphysical paradigm” that justified the renewed interest in qualitative research and the subsequent problems that have encouraged efforts to replace that paradigm. The final section of the paper advocates a “pragmatic approach” as a new guiding paradigm in social science research methods, both as a basis for supporting work that combines qualitative and quantitative methods and as a way to redirect our attention to methodological rather than metaphysical concerns.

/pdf/paradigms-lost-and-pragmatism-regained-methodological-5keqodw4fw.pdf

Paradigms Lost and Pragmatism Regained Methodological Implications of Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Evolutionary psychology has penetrated many disciplines, and space limitations unfortunately precluded inclusion of all of them. Asthese words are written , there are rapidly emerging new hybrid disciplines, such as evolutionary In the final analysis, all human behavior-including economic behavior, legal behavior, artistic behavior , and organizational behavior-is a product of evolved psychological mechanisms. I predict that in the not too distant future, all of these diverse and seemingly unrelated fields will be based on a new evolutionary foundation. D ARwINIAN LITERARY STUDY has emerged only in the past 15 years or so, and its practitioners still constitute a relatively small community on the margins of the academic literary establishment. That establishment is oriented to postmodern beliefs and thus repudiates the ideas both of human nature and of objective scientific knowledge. Darwinian literary critics embrace the notion of consilience, affirm the cogency of Darwinian evolutionary theory, and assimilate the findings of Darwinian social science. They would agree with E. O. Wilson (1998) that the world constitutes a unified causal order and that knowledge itself forms an integrated field that encompasses the physical sciences, the social sciences , and the humanities. They affirm that human mental and cultural activity is constrained by the principles that regulate all biological activity, life has evolved through an adaptive process by means of natural selection, and all complex functional structure in living things has been produced by adaptation. They argue that the adapted mind produces literature and that literature reflects the structure and character of the adapted mind. To distinguish this kind of literary study from other schools that are in some way associated with "evolutionary" thinking, I refer to it as adaptationist or Darwinian literary study. Adaptationist literary study makes use of a variety of concepts common in other approaches to literary study-eoncepts such as point of view, realism and symbolism, character/setting/plot, thematic structure, tone, and formal organization. Adaptationist critics locate all of these concepts in relation to a structured account of human nature, and they derive that account from Darwinian social science. The Human Nature and Literary Meaning: A Model section outlines the concept of human nature that is now emerging from Darwinian social science and integrates the standard concepts of literary analysis with that model. ilef8P@, entering-intQ that expQsitiQn; I prQvide SQIHe baekgrQ1:ina ana eOfltext fOI adapta tiol'1ist literary sh:l:dy, outliniflg the Blain histolical HtO\r.ements in liletalY lhem, .over the past 150 …

The handbook of evolutionary psychology.

Preface to the Second Edition Part 1: Philosophical Bearings 1. Aims and Strategy 2. The Underlabourer Conception of Philosophy 3. Philosophy and Science 4. The Philosopher's Concern with Language 5. Conceptual and Empirical Enquiries 6. The Pivotal Role of Epistemology in Philosophy 7. Epistemology and the Understanding of Society 8. Rules: Wittgenstein's Analysis 9. Some Misunderstandings of Wittgenstein Part 2: The Nature of Meaningful Behaviour 1. Philosophy and Sociology 2. Meaningful Behaviour 3. Activities and Precepts 4. Rules and Habits 5. Reflectiveness Part 3: The Social Studies as Science 1. J.S. Mill's 'Logic of the Moral Sciences' 2. Differences in Degree and Differences in Kind 3. Motives and Causes 4. Motives, Dispositions and Reasons 5. The Investigation of Regularities 6. Understanding Social Institutions 7. Prediction in the Social Studies Part 4: The Mind and Society 1. Pareto: Logical and Non-Logical Conduct 2. Pareto: Residues and Derivations 3. Max Weber: Verstehen and Causal Explanation 4. Max Weber: Meaningful Action and Social Action Part 5: Concepts and Actions 1. The Internality of Social Relations 2. Discursive and Non-Discursive 'Ideas' 3. The Social Sciences and History 4. Concluding Remark

The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy.

List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 Wittgenstein's later writings: the illusory comfort of an external standpoint 1. Excursus on Wittgenstein's vision of language Stanley Cavell 2. Non-cognitivism and rule-following John McDowell 3. Wittgenstein on rules and platonism David H. Finkelstein 4. What 'There can be no such thing as meaning anything by any word' could possibly mean Rupert Read 5. Wittgenstein on deconstruction Martin Stone 6. Wittgenstein's philosophy in relation to political thought Alice Crary Part 2 The Tractatus as forerunner of Wittgenstein's later writings 7. Ethics, imagination and the method of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Cora Diamond 8. Elucidation and nonsense in Frege and early Wittgenstein James Conant 9. Rethinking mathematical necessity Hilary Putnam 10. Wittgenstein, mathematics and philosophy Juliet Floyd 1. Does Bismarck have a beetle in his box? The private language argument in the Tractatus Cora Diamond 12. How to do things with wood: Wittgenstein, Frege and the problem of illogical thought David R. Cerbone 13. Conceptions of nonsense in Carnap and Wittgenstein Edward Witherspoon A dissenting voice 14. Was he trying to whistle it? P.M.S. Hacker Bibliography Index

The New Wittgenstein

Acknowledgements. Abbreviations for Kuhn's Works. Introduction: The Legendary Thomas Kuhn. Part I Exposition. 1 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2 The Historical Case Studies. Part II Critical Issues. 3 Kuhn and the Methodologists of Science. 4 Incommensurability 1: Relativism about Truth and Meaning. 5 Incommensurability 2: World Changes. Conclusion: The Unresolved Tension. Notes. Bibliography. Index

Kuhn: Philosopher of Scientific Revolution

Notes on contributors Preface Preface to the New Edition Acknowledgements and permissions Reference notes 1. Debating the New Hume Kenneth Richman 2. 'Gilding or staining' the world with 'sentiments' and 'phantasms' Barry Stroud 3. David Hume: Objects and power Galen Strawson 4. The New Hume Kenneth P. Winkler 5. Hume's causal realism: recovering a traditional interpretation John P. Wright 6. Hume and thick connexions Simon Blackburn 7. Hume on causality: projectivist and realist? Edward Craig 8. Sceptical doubts concerning Hume's causal realism Martin Bell 9. Relative ideas re-viewed Daniel Flage 10. From cognitive science to a post-Cartesian text what did Hume really say? Anne Jaap Jacobson 11. The new antagonists of 'the New Hume': on the relevance of Goodman and Wittgenstein to the New Hume debate Rupert Read 12. "Our Aim in All Our Studies" Janet Broughton 13. Against the New Hume Peter Millican 14. How to understand Hume's realism P.J.E. Kail Bibliography Citation index Name index Subject index

The New Hume Debate

We present a non-naive version of the Precautionary (PP) that allows us to avoid paranoia and paralysis by confining precaution to specific domains and problems. PP is intended to deal with uncertainty and risk in cases where the absence of evidence and the incompleteness of scientific knowledge carries profound implications and in the presence of risks of "black swans", unforeseen and unforeseable events of extreme consequence. We formalize PP, placing it within the statistical and probabilistic structure of ruin problems, in which a system is at risk of total failure, and in place of risk we use a formal fragility based approach. We make a central distinction between 1) thin and fat tails, 2) Local and systemic risks and place PP in the joint Fat Tails and systemic cases. We discuss the implications for GMOs (compared to Nuclear energy) and show that GMOs represent a public risk of global harm (while harm from nuclear energy is comparatively limited and better characterized). PP should be used to prescribe severe limits on GMOs.

The Precautionary Principle (with Application to the Genetic Modification of Organisms)

The precautionary principle carries great significance for “sustainability science.” It provides a powerful framework for improving the quality, decency, and reliability of decisions over technolog...

The Precautionary Principle Under Fire

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