Oleaginous yeasts have been increasingly explored for production of chemicals and fuels via metabolic engineering. Particularly, there is a growing interest in using oleaginous yeasts for the synthesis of lipid-related products due to their high lipogenesis capability, robustness, and ability to utilize a variety of substrates. Most of the metabolic engineering studies in oleaginous yeasts focused on Yarrowia that already has plenty of genetic engineering tools. However, recent advances in systems biology and synthetic biology have provided new strategies and tools to engineer those oleaginous yeasts that have naturally high lipid accumulation but lack genetic tools, such as Rhodosporidium, Trichosporon, and Lipomyces. This review highlights recent accomplishments in metabolic engineering of oleaginous yeasts and recent advances in the development of genetic engineering tools in oleaginous yeasts within the last 3 years.

/pdf/metabolic-engineering-of-oleaginous-yeasts-for-production-of-3l4rum7of3.pdf

Metabolic Engineering of Oleaginous Yeasts for Production of Fuels and Chemicals.

Lipomyces starkeyi: Its current status as a potential oil producer

Ageing: Is there a role for arachidonic acid and other bioactive lipids? A review.

Differential expression of human placental neurotrophic factors in preterm and term deliveries

We have reported that folic acid, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids are interlinked in the one carbon cycle and have implications for fetal programming. Our earlier studies demonstrate that an imbalance in maternal micronutrients influence long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and global methylation in rat placenta. We hypothesize that these changes are mediated through micronutrient dependent regulation of enzymes in one carbon cycle. Pregnant dams were assigned to six dietary groups with varying folic acid and vitamin B12 levels. Vitamin B12 deficient groups were supplemented with omega-3 fatty acid. Placental mRNA levels of enzymes, levels of phospholipids, and glutathione were determined. Results suggest that maternal micronutrient imbalance (excess folic acid with vitamin B12 deficiency) leads to lower mRNA levels of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase , but higher cystathionine b-synthase (CBS) and Phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) as compared to control. Omega-3 supplementation normalized CBS and MTHFR mRNA levels. Increased placental phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), in the same group was also observed. Our data suggests that adverse effects of a maternal micronutrient imbalanced diet may be due to differential regulation of key genes encoding enzymes in one carbon cycle and omega-3 supplementation may ameliorate most of these changes.

/pdf/expression-of-genes-encoding-enzymes-involved-in-the-one-5ejihqhvym.pdf

Expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the one carbon cycle in rat placenta is determined by maternal micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B12) and omega-3 fatty acids.

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are known to play an important role in human health and nutrition. Considering the limitation of LCPUFA sources, it is necessary to search new avenues for their production. Oleaginous yeasts are an attractive target for harvesting single cell oil, mainly because of the ease of cultivation with cheaper raw material. Lipomyces starkeyi is one such oleaginous yeast, which can accumulate oil to the extent of 60 % of its biomass and where genetic transformation can be achieved. In our earlier work, Δ15 desaturase gene (AEP37840) from flax was transformed into L. starkeyi. In the present work, we report optimization of medium for the production of ω-3 enriched oil from this transformed yeast. A basic medium containing 20 g/l glucose as a carbon source and 10 g/l yeast extract as a nitrogen source was used during fermentation. At regular time intervals, glucose was fed to maintain high C:N ratio (65:10) during fermentation. Under the most favorable conditions, dry biomass and total lipid content were 18 and 7.29 g/l, respectively. Prior to genetic transformation, L. starkeyi contained 56.03 mg/l DHA along with 71.4 mg/l EPA and 42.2 mg/l ALA. Genetic engineering of this yeast resulted in a strain that produced 1080 mg/l DHA (17.4 %) along with 74.28 mg/l EPA and 126.72 mg/l ALA possibly through modification of PUFA biosynthetic pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report of DHA enrichment and opens up avenues for LCPUFA production through L. starkeyi.

Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in recombinant Lipomyces starkeyi through submerged fermentation

A disturbed fatty acid metabolism increases the risk of adult non-communicable diseases. This study examines the effect of maternal micronutrients on the fatty acid composition, desaturase activity, mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturases and transport proteins in the liver. Pregnant female rats were divided into 6 groups at 2 levels of folic acid both in the presence and absence of vitamin B(12). The vitamin B(12) deficient groups were supplemented with omega 3 fatty acid. An imbalance of maternal micronutrients reduces liver docosahexaenoic acid, increases Δ5 desaturase activity but decreases mRNA levels, decreases Δ6 desaturase activity but not mRNA levels as compared to control. mRNA level of Δ5 desaturase reverts back to the levels of the control group as a result of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation. Our data for the first time indicates that maternal micronutrients differentially alter the activity and expression of fatty acid desaturases in the liver.

Effect of maternal micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B12) and omega 3 fatty acids on liver fatty acid desaturases and transport proteins in Wistar rats

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Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in recombinant Lipomyces starkeyi through submerged fermentation

Effect of maternal micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B12) and omega 3 fatty acids on liver fatty acid desaturases and transport proteins in Wistar rats