Summary. Introduction. A review of the literature relating to supernumerary teeth is presented along with a survey of 152 cases.

Methods. The study population consisted of 152 children who visited the department of Paediatric Dentistry at the Jordan University Hospital. Patients ranged in age from 5 to 15 years. Supernumeraries were detected by clinical examination and radiographs.

Results. Males were affected more than females with a sex ratio of 2·2 : 1. Seventy-seven percent of the patients had one supernumerary tooth, 18·4% had double teeth, and 4·6% had three or more supernumeraries. Ninety percent of the supernumerary teeth occurred in the premaxilla, of which 92·8% were in the central incisor region and of these latter 25% were located in the midline. The other 10·4% of the supernumeraries were located in the premolar, canine, molar, and lower central incisor regions. Two cases were of non-syndrome supernumerary teeth. Seventy-five percent of the supernumeraries were conical, 83·1% were in the normal vertical position and 26·5% were erupted. Conical-shaped supernumerary teeth had a significantly higher rate of eruption compared to the tuberculate type.

Supernumerary teeth: review of the literature and a survey of 152 cases

Dental caries is a highly prevalent diet-related disease and is a major public health problem. A goal of modern dentistry is to manage non-cavitated caries lesions non-invasively through remineralization in an attempt to prevent disease progression and improve aesthetics, strength, and function. Remineralization is defined as the process whereby calcium and phosphate ions are supplied from a source external to the tooth to promote ion deposition into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, to produce net mineral gain. Recently, a range of novel calcium-phosphate-based remineralization delivery systems has been developed for clinical application. These delivery systems include crystalline, unstabilized amorphous, or stabilized amorphous formulations of calcium phosphate. These systems are reviewed, and the technology with the most scientific evidence to support its clinical use is the remineralizing system utilizing casein phosphopeptides to stabilize and deliver bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions. The recent clinical evidence for this technology is presented and the mechanism of action discussed. Biomimetic approaches to stabilization of bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and the localization of these ions to non-cavitated caries lesions for controlled remineralization show promise for the non-invasive management of dental caries.

New Approaches to Enhanced Remineralization of Tooth Enamel

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/94273/idj12007.pdf;sequence=1

Minimal intervention dentistry for managing dental caries - a review: report of a FDI task group.

Vanadium is widely distributed, the twenty-first most abundant element in the Earth's crust, with an average content of 135 ppm. In sea water, vanadium ranks thirty-fourth in abundance, with an average concentration of only 2 ppb. Because it evolved as an essential element for certain forms of life and also because of its wide industrial use, the biological actions of vanadium are of interest to scientists. Excellent accounts of the history and previous know ledge of vanadium are available. (1-7). The chemistry of vanadium is complex because the metal can exist in oxidation states from -1 to +5 and forms polymers frequently (8). Recently Rubinson (9) reviewed the material concerning the form of biochemically active vanadium. The following generalizations appear justified. At low­ normal concentrations in mammals and birds, any free vanadium will be in hydrated, monomeric form. In the body fluids at pH 4-8, the predominant species will be VOi ( + 5 oxidation state), vanadate (metavanadate). VOi may enter certain cells by an anion transport system and be reduced by glutathione to VOH (+4 oxidation state), vanadyl. By way of speculation, the oxidation­ reduction reactions may be as follows: H+ + VOi + 2GSH � Y02+ + G2S2 + OH+ e + H20. Extensive binding to extraand intracellular ligands may be expected. Since phosphate and Mg2+ are ubiquitous in biological processes, YOi as the analogue of phosphate and Y02+, which resembles the size of Mg2+ (respective ionic radii: 0.60 and 0.65 ft.), potentially have many bio­ chemical and cellular sites of action. For example, vanadium compounds in­ hibit ATP phosphohydrolases, ribonuclease, adenylate kinase, phosphofructo­ kinase, squalene synthetase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (10),

Mechanisms of Action of Vanadium

Hydrogen sulfide: An endogenous regulator of the immune system.

Further studies on the leakage between resin material and gold alloy in resin-faced gold cups.

Studies Of The Transport Of Metal Ions From Gold Inlays Into Environmental Tissues

A comparison of the distribution of some halide ions in the body.

Improved resolution in autoradiography with radioiodine using the extranuclear electron radiation from 125I.

Distribution of bromide in mice. An autoradiographic study with Br82

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