Transcriptional regulation of bHLH during plant response to stress

Named for the characteristic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) region in their protein structure, bHLH proteins are a widespread transcription factor class in eukaryotes. bHLHs transcriptionally regulate their target genes by binding to specific positions on their promoters and thereby direct a variety of plant developmental and metabolic processes, such as photomorphogenesis, flowering induction, shade avoidance, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, which are important for promoting plant tolerance or adaptation to adverse environments. In this review, we discuss the vital roles of bHLHs in plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, cold, and iron deficiency. We suggest directions for future studies into the roles of bHLH genes in plant and discuss their potential applications in crop breeding.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4921/pdf

Current Understanding of bHLH Transcription Factors in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is a superfamily found in all eukaryotes that plays important roles in regulating growth and development. Over the past several decades, many bHLH superfamily genes have been identified and characterized in herbaceous and woody plants. However, the genes belonging to the bHLH superfamily in peach (Prunus persica) have not yet been comprehensively identified and characterized. Here, we identified 95 members of the bHLH superfamily in the peach genome, and these genes were classified into 19 subfamilies based on a phylogenetic comparison with bHLH proteins from Arabidopsis. The members within each subfamily were highly conserved according to the analysis of motif compositions and exon/intron organizations. The 95 bHLH genes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes 1 to 8 of the peach genome. We identified 57 pairs of bHLH members that were orthologous between peach and Arabidopsis. Additionally, 48 pairs of paralogous bHLH genes were identified on the eight chromosomes of the peach genome. Coupled with relative expression analysis of bHLH genes in red-fleshed peach fruit at five developmental stages, we identified several bHLH genes that might be involved in fruit development and anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms through which these genes are involved in the regulation of biological and biochemical processes in peach and lays the foundation for further studies on these genes.

/pdf/genome-wide-analysis-of-basic-helix-loop-helix-superfamily-35a821oxwk.pdf

Genome-wide analysis of basic helix-loop-helix superfamily members in peach.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is crucial for plant development and stress responses. In this study, we identified 159 bHLH-encoding genes in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome and determined their roles in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the TabHLH genes were classified into 19 groups, which shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis revealed that bHLH genes were differentially expressed in diverse wheat tissues and were responsive to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses. A gene ontology analysis indicated that most bHLH proteins involved in DNA-binding activities and the gene expression regulation. Analyses of interaction networks suggested that TabHLHs mediate networks involved in multiple stress-signaling pathways. The findings of this study may help clarify the intricate transcriptional control of bHLH genes and identify putative stress-responsive genes relevant to the genetic improvement of wheat.

/pdf/genome-wide-analysis-of-bhlh-transcription-factor-family-4yivdta849.pdf

Genome-wide analysis of bHLH transcription factor family reveals their involvement in biotic and abiotic stress responses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract Plants make different defense mechanisms in response to different environmental stresses. One common way is to produce secondary metabolites. Temperature is the main environmental factor that regulates plant secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenoids. Stress caused by temperature decreasing to 4–10 °C is conducive to the accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids. However, the accumulation mechanism under cold stress still lacks a systematic explanation. In this review, we summarize three aspects of cold stress promoting the accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids in plants, that is, by affecting (1) the content of endogenous plant hormones, especially jasmonic acid and abscisic acid; (2) the expression level and activity of important transcription factors, such as bHLH and MYB families. This aspect also includes post-translational modification of transcription factors caused by cold stress; (3) key enzyme genes expression and activity in the biosynthesis pathway, in addition, the rate-limiting enzyme and glycosyltransferases genes are responsive to cold stress. The systematic understanding of cold stress regulates flavonoids, and terpenoids will contribute to the future research of genetic engineering breeding, metabolism regulation, glycosyltransferases mining, and plant synthetic biology.

Cold stress regulates accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids in plants by phytohormone, transcription process, functional enzyme, and epigenetics

Plant basic/helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors participate in a number of biological processes, such as growth, development and abiotic stress responses. The bHLH family has been identified in many plants, and several bHLH transcription factors have been functionally characterized in Arabidopsis. However, no systematic identification of bHLH family members has been reported in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Here, 124 StbHLH genes were identified and named according to their chromosomal locations. The intron numbers varied from zero to seven. Most StbHLH proteins had the highly conserved intron phase 0, which accounted for 86.2% of the introns. According to the Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, 259 bHLH proteins acquired from Arabidopsis and potato were divided into 15 groups. All of the StbHLH genes were randomly distributed on 12 chromosomes, and 20 tandem duplicated genes and four pairs of duplicated gene segments were detected in the StbHLH family. The gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that StbHLH mainly function in protein and DNA binding. Through the RNA-seq and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, StbHLH were found to be expressed in various tissues and to respond to abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and heat. StbHLH1, 41 and 60 were highly expressed in flower tissues, and were predicted to be involved in flower development by GO annotation. StbHLH45 was highly expressed in salt, drought and heat stress, which suggested its important role in abiotic stress response. The results provide comprehensive information for further analyses of the molecular functions of the StbHLH gene family.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/1/54/pdf

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Potato bHLH Transcription Factor Family.

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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Potato bHLH Transcription Factor Family.