B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

The global temperature has been increasing over the years due to climate change that, directly or indirectly, affects water and energy consumptions in the agriculture sector. The application of mulching practices reduces soil evaporation, conserves soil moisture, suppresses weed growth, controls soil structure and temperature, influences soil micro-organisms, and is aesthetically pleasing. This study has reviewed 189 published research papers, which described the effects of various mulching materials and methods on soil and environment that influence crop productivity. This paper describes the extent of influence of different mulching materials and methods on the hydrothermal environment of soils. It is imperative to know the processes that control soil environments under various mulching conditions and the effects of mulching materials on crop yield, productivity and water use efficiency. These issues of mulching are the prime concerns of this review study. Plastic mulching materials have a greater importance than the organic ones to control soil environment and increase crop yield. But, the organic mulching materials are inexpensive and environment friendly. The selection of an appropriate mulching material is, however, guided by crop type, crop management practices and climatic conditions. Future research is needed on the effects of low-cost biodegradable mulching materials on microclimate modifications, soil biota, soil fertility, crop growth and crop yields.

Recent advances in mulching materials and methods for modifying soil environment

La quema del tamo de arroz a campo abierto es una de las mayores fuentes de contaminacion agricola, es por esto que el retorno de los residuos vegetales al suelo ha sido propuesto como una alternativa de manejo eficiente de los residuos pos-cosecha. Sin embargo, es poco conocido el impacto que tiene sobre los microorganismos edaficos involucrados en la disponibilidad y ciclaje de nutrientes. Por lo anterior, se planteo un experimento en campo para evaluar los cambios generados sobre la comunidad microbiana vinculada al ciclo del nitrogeno por la aplicacion de 4 tratamientos diferentes de manejo del tamo de arroz: (Cob+mo) cobertura del terreno con tamo de arroz inoculado con un consorcio microbiano de degradacion, (Inc+mo) tamo de arroz inoculado con el consorcio microbiano e incorporado, (Quema) quema del tamo y (Cob) cobertura del terreno con tamo de arroz sin inocular. Se realizaron 4 muestreos de suelo de soporte y suelo rizosferico antes y durante el ciclo de cultivo. Se evaluo la diversidad, estructura y composicion de la comunidad bacteriana a traves del analisis del gen 16S rRNA y se determino la actividad de las enzimas nitrogenasa, proteasa y ureasa vinculadas con el ingreso de nitrogeno al sistema edafico. Al final del ciclo de cultivo, los mapas de calor basados en la composicion y abundancia de especies, mostraron que las comunidades microbianas de los tratamientos alternos a la quema son mas similares entre si, indicando que la adicion de materia organica influencia la comunidad edafica microbiana. La actividad de las enzimas proteasa y ureasa se vio afectada por la aplicacion del consorcio de degradacion y la forma de retorno del tamo de arroz al suelo respectivamente. 
 
 
Palabras clave: (Incorporacion, cobertura, tamo de arroz, actividad enzimatica, 16S rRNA).

Evaluación de la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la comunidad microbiana relacionada con el ciclo del nitrógeno en suelos de cultivo de arroz con diferentes manejos del tamo

Addition of organic material, such as crop straw mulch in most soils is considered a strategy for sustainable agricultural production. We conducted a two-year experiment in 2015 and 2016 to determine changes in soil biochemical properties and maize yield in response to treatment with wheat-straw mulch. The treatments consisted of the addition of different levels of wheat-straw mulch (S1: 0, S2: 2500, S3: 5000 kg ha−1). Soil samples from four depths (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m) were collected and analyzed. Soil enzymes, such as invertase, phosphatase, urease, and catalase, were significantly higher in the S3 treatment than in the S1 treatment. Values were greater for the samples collected at 0.1 m soil depth than those collected from deeper soil layers. Regarding soil properties, soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and soil water content (SWC) were significantly higher in S3 at 0–0.1 m soil depth than in other treatments. Compared with the (S1), an average increase in SOC, AN, AP, TN, TP, and SWC in 0–0.4 m soil depth with full straw mulch (S3), were 32.4, 31.9, 32.0, 11.8, 16.7, and 18.5%, higher, respectively. On average, urease, phosphatase, invertase, and catalase increased by 15.1, 11.0, 88.4, and 24.0%, respectively in the S3 treatment compared with that in the S1 treatment at 0–0.1 m depth, and decreased with increasing soil depth. The S3 treatment had increased grain yield (7%), biomass yield (28%), and water use efficiency (8%), compared with the S1 treatment. Overall, our results suggested that the S3 straw mulch treatment (5000 kg ha−1) could be used to sustain maize productivity and promote a better relationship between soil enzymes and soil properties in the semi-arid conditions of the Guanzhong area.

Changes in soil enzymes, soil properties, and maize crop productivity under wheat straw mulching in Guanzhong, China

The demand for food is expected to significantly increase with continued population growth over the next 50 years, indicating that agricultural efficiency should be simultaneously stabilized and enhanced. Here, we discuss the effects of mulching and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the soil environment and crop yield to inform food security. The use of mulch in agriculture provides many benefits to the soil by reducing evaporation, improving temperatures, adjusting the microbial biomass, maintaining the soil organic carbon balance, increasing nutrient cycling, promoting soil enzyme activity, enhancing soil aggregate stability and suppressing weed infestation. Nitrogen fertilization can markedly improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the environment may be negatively affected by the improper application of N fertilizers. The improvement of NUE has been an important focus in field management for the more sustainable use of valuable N fertilizers. A better understanding of the interaction between N and mulch may improve NUE and crop yields. Inorganic mulches more efficiently alter the soil environment to enhance the NUE and crop yield, while organic mulching materials are more environmentally friendly and inexpensive. The selection of appropriate mulching materials should be combined with effective N management strategies, crop species, crop management practices and climatic conditions. In the future, precise nitrogen fertilizer management on farms and the development of relatively high-NUE and high-yielding crops will be highly feasible.

The Effects of Mulch and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Soil Environment of Crop Plants

Soil infertility is the main barrier to dryland agricultural production in China. To provide a basis for the establishment of a soil amelioration technical system for rainfed fields in the semiarid area of northwest China, we conducted a four—year (2007–2011) field experiment to determine the effects of wheat straw incorporation on the arid soil nutrient levels of cropland cultivated with winter wheat after different straw incorporation levels. Three wheat straw incorporation levels were tested (H: 9000 kg hm-2, M: 6000 kg hm-2, and L: 3000 kg hm-2) and no straw incorporation was used as the control (CK). The levels of soil nutrients, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), and enzyme activities were analyzed each year after the wheat harvest. After straw incorporation for four years, the results showed that variable straw amounts had different effects on the soil fertility indices, where treatment H had the greatest effect. Compared with CK, the average soil available N, available P, available K, SOC, and LOC levels were higher in the 0–40 cm soil layers after straw incorporation treatments, i.e., 9.1–30.5%, 9.8–69.5%, 10.3–27.3%, 0.7–23.4%, and 44.4–49.4% higher, respectively. On average, the urease, phosphatase, and invertase levels in the 0–40 cm soil layers were 24.4–31.3%, 9.9–36.4%, and 42.9–65.3% higher, respectively. Higher yields coupled with higher nutrient contents were achieved with H, M and L compared with CK, where these treatments increased the crop yields by 26.75%, 21.51%, and 7.15%, respectively.

/pdf/effects-of-wheat-straw-incorporation-on-the-availability-of-3b39reba7p.pdf

Effects of Wheat Straw Incorporation on the Availability of Soil Nutrients and Enzyme Activities in Semiarid Areas

Because of inadequate nutrient and water supply, soils are often unproductive in Northwest China We studied the effects of manure application at low (LM 75  t ha(-1)), medium (MM 15 t ha(-1)), and high (HM 225 t ha(-1)) rates combined with fixed levels of chemical fertilizers on maize growth and rainfall use efficiency compared with chemical fertilizers (CK) under semi-arid conditions over a three-year period HM and MM treatments could significantly increase soil water storage (0-120 cm) at tasseling stage of maize compared with LM treatment and CK (P < 005) Dry matter accumulation and rainfall use efficiency increased as manure application rate increasing (P < 005) HM treatment significantly increased rainfall use efficiency by 65-127% at big trumpeting - tasseling stage compared with LM and MM treatments HM and MM treatments increased rainfall use efficiency by 86-181% at tasseling - grain filling stage compared with CK There was no significant difference on biomass between HM and MM treatments at grain filling and maturity stages of maize in 2009 and 2010

/pdf/impacts-of-manure-application-on-soil-environment-rainfall-52d2vc3wfx.pdf

Impacts of manure application on soil environment, rainfall use efficiency and crop biomass under dryland farming

Automatic plant root system monitoring system

Characteristics of Endogenous Hormone Variations in the Roots of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Cultivars of Different Fall Dormancies During Spring Regrowth Stage

A field experiment was conducted to determine the regulation of crop photosynthesis and output and water saving effect under ridge and furrow rain harvesting with supplemental irrigation in Guanzhong irrigation district. The experiment was set with 5 treatments with irrigation at returning green stage, and the widths of both ridge and furrow being 60 cm. T1, T2 and T3 were in the ridge and furrow rain harvesting planting pattern, with the irrigation volumes being 0, 375 and 750 m3 · hm(-2) respectively, T4 was flat planting with irrigation (border irrigation) of 750 m3 · hm(-2) and CK was flat planting without irrigation. Effects on winter wheat photosynthetic organs, photosynthetic rate, yield and water use efficiency, etc. were tested. The results showed that compared with T4, T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased the grain yield by 2.8%, 9.6% and 18.9%, improved the harvest index by 2.0% to 8.5%, advanced the flag leaf chlorophyll content by 41.9% to 64.4% significantly, and improved the 0-40 cm layer soil moisture content by 0.1%-4.6% during the whole growth period. Photosynthetic rates at the flowering and filling stages also increased by 22.3% to 54.2% and -4.3% to 67.2%, respectively. Total water use efficiencies (WUEy) were 17.9%, 10.4% and 15.4% higher than that of T4, and 69.3%, 58.6% and 65.7% higher than that of CK (P < 0.05), respectively, and enhanced precipitation utilization efficiency ( PUE ) by 94.3%-124.5% than CK. Leaf areas of T2 and T3 treatments at each growth stage were significantly higher than that of T4 and CK, irrigation water use efficiencies (IUE) were 119.1% and 18.8% higher than that of T4, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that ridge and furrow rain harvesting cultivation could maintain higher grain yield than border irrigation without irrigation or with irrigation reduction by 50%. The utilization efficiency of irrigation water under the condition of irrigation reduction by 50% was improved significantly, and the ridge and furrow rain harvesting could significantly improve whole cropland water use efficiency in the year of less rainfall.

[Effects of ridge and furrow rain harvesting with supplemental irrigation on winter wheat photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water use efficiency in Guanzhong irrigation district].

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