Transparent ceramics have various potential applications such as infrared (IR) windows/domes, lamp envelopes, opto-electric components/devices, composite armors, and screens for smartphones and they can be used as host materials for solid-state lasers. Transparent ceramics were initially developed to replace single crystals because of their simple processing route, variability in composition, high yield productivity, and shape control, among other factors. Optical transparency is one of the most important properties of transparent ceramics. In order to achieve transparency, ceramics must have highly symmetric crystal structures; therefore, the majority of the transparent ceramics have cubic structures, while tetragonal and hexagonal structures have also been reported in the open literature. Moreover, the optical transparency of ceramics is determined by their purity and density; the production of high-purity ceramics requires high-purity starting materials, and the production of high-density ceramics requires sophisticated sintering techniques and optimized sintering aids. Furthermore, specific mechanical properties are required for some applications, such as window materials and composite armor. This review aims to summarize recent progress in the fabrication and application of various transparent ceramics.

Materials development and potential applications of transparent ceramics: A review

A comparison between the fluorescence spectra of the Nd-doped vanadate crystals (Nd:YVO4, Nd:GdVO4, Nd:LuVO4) for the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 transition is studied. We numerically analyze the condition of gain-to-loss balance via an uncoated intracavity etalon to achieve the dual-wavelength operation. We further experimentally demonstrate the orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength laser with a single Nd:LuVO4 crystal. The simultaneous dual-wavelength Nd:LuVO4 laser at 1085.7 nm in σ polarization and 1088.5 nm in π polarization is realized. At an incident pump power of 12 W, the average output power obtained at 1085.7 nm and 1088.5 nm is 0.4 W and 1.7 W, respectively.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/15618/1/000301053200086.pdf

Orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength Nd:LuVO4 laser at 1086 nm and 1089 nm

Sapphire, garnet and vanadate crystals are the most prominent optical materials, and vanadates play important roles in optics, especially in lasers and nonlinear optics. Neodymium-doped yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO4) is representative and available commercially. Based on Nd:YVO4, several vanadate crystals are being developed with the goal of fulfilling the need for differential applications and improvement of certain operational aspects, such as with pulsed lasers or high-power continuous-wave lasers. In recent years, some important effects, including energy enhancement, bistability of output performance, self-Raman frequency shifting, etc., and some novel applications, such as quantum optics, pulsed lasers modulated by the two-dimensional crystals, etc., have been discovered with vanadates as gain materials. In this paper, the preparation, characterization and laser applications of vanadate laser crystals at the lasing wavelength of 1 micrometer, including YVO4, GdVO4, LuVO4, GdxY1–xVO4 and LuxGd1–xVO4 (0 < x < 1) doped with Nd3+ and ytterbium (Yb3+) are systematically reviewed by highlighting the most recent research progress. Their specific properties are presented, generation mechanisms of novel physical effects are discussed, new applications are given and possible future applications proposed by focusing on some potential strengths.

Advances in vanadate laser crystals at a lasing wavelength of 1 micrometer

We describe the output performances of the 916 nm 4F3/2 → 4I9/2 transition in Nd:LuVO4 under in-band pumping with diode laser at the 880 nm wavelength, directly into the 4F3/2 emitting level. An end-pumped Nd:LuVO4 crystal yielded 11.7 W of continuous-wave output power for 23.5 W of absorbed pump power. The slope efficiency with respect to the absorbed pump power was 66.6%. Furthermore, 5.9 W 458 nm deep-blue light was acquired by frequency doubling, resulting in an optical-to-optical efficiency with respect to the absorbed pump power of 25.1%. Comparative results obtained for the pump with diode laser at 809 nm, into the highly-absorbing 4F5/2 level, are given in order to prove the advantages of the in-band pumping.

Quasi‐three‐level Nd:LuVO4 laser under diode pumping directly into the emitting level

In this paper, we demonstrate the efficient 1.3 um dual-wavelength operation of LD end-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic laser. With a plano-concave cavity, a maximum continuous-wave dual-wavelength output power of 5.92 W is obtained under an incident pump power of 20.5 W, giving a slope efficiency of 30.3% and an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 29.0%. With Co(2+):LaMgAl(11)O(19) crystal as the saturable absorber, the passively Q-switched dual-wavelength operation is achieved for the first time to our knowledge. The maximum passively Q-switched average output power is 226 mW, the minimum pulse width is 15 ns, and the highest pulse repetition rate is 133 kHz.

1319 nm and 1338 nm dual-wavelength operation of LD end-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic laser

By using a new saturable absorber V3+:YAG, a flash-lamp-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 laser at 1.34 μm has been realized. Both a-cut and c-cut Nd:GdVO4 crystals are used. The output single-pulse energy and the pulse width versus the pump energy for different initial transmissions of V3+:YAG saturable absorbers are measured. The experimental results show that, c-cut Nd:GdVO4 laser can generate the shorter pulse width and higher energy in comparison to a-cut one.

Passively Q-switched 1.34μm Nd:GdVO4 laser with V:YAG saturable absorber

We report on a potential source for the generation of terahertz radiation using the well-known neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet as the laser material, and chromium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Cr:YAG) as the frequency selector and saturable absorber Continuous-wave output power as high as 528 W at 1052 nm was achieved With Cr:YAG, the laser has a dual-wavelength output at 1052 and 1064 nm The maximum average output power, pulse repetition rate, and pulse energy are 375 W, 412 kHz, and 901 μJ, respectively We also found that the intensity ratio of the two oscillating modes can be tuned by adjusting the pump power

Dual-wavelength neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser with chromium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet as frequency selector

We demonstrated a laser-diode (LD) end-pumped continuous-wave (CW) tri-wavelength Nd:YAG ceramic laser operating at 1064, 1319 and 1338 nm. For the 1064 nm laser, one of the Nd:YAG polished end faces was used as the output coupler. As references, Nd:YVO(4) and Nd:YAG crystal lasers were also investigated under the same structure. We found that the maximum output power came from Nd:YAG ceramic which was 1.74 W, corresponding an optical conversion efficiency of 16.3%. Using a three mirror cavity, we realized efficient multi-wavelength operation at (4)F(3/2)-(4)F(11/2) and (4)F(3/2)-(4)F(13/2) transitions for Nd:YAG ceramic, simultaneously. The maximum output power was 3.2 W, which included 1064, 1319, and 1338 nm three wavelength, and the optical conversion efficiency was 30%.

Continuous-wave tri-wavelength operation at 1064, 1319 and 1338 nm of LD end-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic laser.

Passively Q-switched Yb3+:NaY(WO4)2 lasers have been demonstrated using a GaAs saturable absorber. Under continuous wave pump mode, significant pulse shortening effects have been observed at high pump powers. At a pump power of 12 W, stable Q-switched output has been obtained with a pulse duration of 5 ns, pulse repetition rate of 83 kHz and a pulse to pulse timing jitter of less than 2%. With pulsed pump mode, much longer pulse duration and reduced pulse stability have been observed. It is proposed that the heating of GaAs may play an important role in the Q-switched operations under CW pump conditions.

Passively Q-switched Yb^3+:NaY(WO_4)_2 laser with GaAs saturable absorber

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