After ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction and deterioration of memory and cognition. These symptoms are associated with the disruption of normal neuronal function, i.e., the secretion of neurotrophic factors, interhemispheric connections, and synaptic activity, and hence the disruption of the normal neural circuit. Exercise is considered an effective and feasible rehabilitation strategy for improving cognitive and motor recovery following ischemic stroke through the facilitation of neuroplasticity. In this review, our aim was to discuss the mechanisms by which exercise-induced neuroplasticity improves motor function and cognitive ability after ischemic stroke. The associated mechanisms include increases in neurotrophins, improvements in synaptic structure and function, the enhancement of interhemispheric connections, the promotion of neural regeneration, the acceleration of neural function reorganization, and the facilitation of compensation beyond the infarcted tissue. We also discuss some common exercise strategies and a novel exercise therapy, robot-assisted movement, which might be widely applied in the clinic to help stroke patients in the future.

A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms

Background/Objective: Stroke is a leading global cause of adult disability. As the population ages as well as suffers co-morbidities, it is expected that the stroke burden will increase further. There are no established safe and effective restorative treatments to facilitate a good functional outcome in stroke patients. Cell-based therapies, which have a wide therapeutic window, might benefit a large percentage of patients, especially if combined with different restorative strategies. In this study, we tested whether the therapeutic effect of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) could be further enhanced by rehabilitation in an experimental model of stroke. Methods: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats by permanently occluding the distal middle cerebral artery (MCAO). After the intravenous infusion of vehicle (n = 46) or ADMSCs (2 × 106) either at 2 (n = 37) or 7 (n = 7) days after the operation, half of the animals were housed in an enriched environment mimicking rehabilitation. Subsequently, their behavioral recovery was assessed by a neurological score, and performance in the cylinder and sticky label tests during a 42-day behavioral follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, rats were perfused for histology to assess the extent of angiogenesis (RECA-1), gliosis (GFAP), and glial scar formation. Results: No adverse effects were observed during the follow-up. Combined ADMSC therapy and rehabilitation improved forelimb use in the cylinder test in comparison to MCAO controls on post-operative days 21 and 42 (P < 0.01). In the sticky label test, ADMSCs and rehabilitation alone or together, significantly decreased the removal time as compared to MCAO controls on post-operative days 21 and 42. An early initiation of combined therapy seemed to be more effective. Infarct size, measured by MRI on post-operative days 1 and 43, did not differ between the experimental groups. Stereological counting revealed an ischemia-induced increase both in the density of blood vessels and the numbers of glial cells in the perilesional cortex, but there were no differences among MCAO groups. Glial scar volume was also similar in MCAO groups. Conclusion: Early delivery of ADMSCs and combined rehabilitation enhanced behavioral recovery in an experimental stroke model. The mechanisms underlying these treatment effects remain unknown.

/pdf/combined-adipose-tissue-derived-mesenchymal-stem-cell-376jfyb6na.pdf

Combined Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and Rehabilitation in Experimental Stroke.

Reinforcement learning based UAV formation control in GPS-denied environment

Many stroke survivors experience persisting episodic memory disturbances. Since hippocampal and para-hippocampal areas are usually spared from the infarcted area, alterations of memory processing networks remote from the ischemic brain region might be responsible for the observed clinical symptoms. To pinpoint changes in activity of hippocampal connections and their role in post-stroke cognitive impairment, we induced ischemic stroke by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in adult rats and analyzed the functional and structural consequences using activity-dependent manganese (Mn2+) enhanced MRI (MEMRI) along with behavioral and histopathological analysis. MCAO caused stroke lesions of variable extent along with sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. Direct hippocampal injury occurred in some rats, but was no prerequisite for cognitive impairment. In healthy rats, injection of Mn2+ into the entorhinal cortex resulted in distribution of the tracer within the hippocampal subfields into the lateral septal nuclei. In MCAO rats, Mn2+ accumulated in the ipsilateral thalamus. Histopathological analysis revealed secondary thalamic degeneration 28 days after stroke. Our findings provide in vivo evidence that remote sensorimotor stroke modifies the activity of hippocampal-thalamic networks. In addition to potentially reversible alterations in signaling of these connections, structural damage of the thalamus likely reinforces dysfunction of hippocampal-thalamic circuitries.

Sensorimotor stroke alters hippocampo-thalamic network activity

Effects of HF-rTMS on microglial polarization and white matter integrity in rats with poststroke cognitive impairment

In order to solve the problem of the traditional iterative closest point algorithm (ICPA), which requires a high initial position of point cloud and improves the speed and accuracy of point cloud registration, a new registration method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the rough registration method is optimized. As for the extraction of the feature points, a new method of feature point extraction is adopted, which can better keep the features of the original point cloud. At the same time, the traditional point cloud filtering method is improved, and a voxel idea is introduced to filter the point cloud. The edge length data of the voxels is determined by the density, and the experimentally verified noise removal rates for the 3D cloud data are 95.3%, 98.6%, and 93.5%, respectively. Secondly, a precise registration method that combines the curvature feature and fast point feature histogram (FPFH) is proposed in the precise registration stage, and the algorithm is analyzed experimentally. Finally, the two point cloud data sets Stanford bunny and free-form surface are analyzed and verified, and it is concluded that this method can reduce the error by about 40.16% and 36.27%, respectively, and improve the iteration times by about 42.9% and 37.14%, respectively.

/pdf/optimization-of-the-3d-point-cloud-registration-algorithm-2569d3n3.pdf

Optimization of the 3D Point Cloud Registration Algorithm Based on FPFH Features

Different effects of running wheel exercise and skilled reaching training on corticofugal tract plasticity in hypertensive rats with cortical infarctions.

Multi-UAV autonomous formation task is one of the important research hotspots in UAV application. A typical mission scenario is constructed for the autonomous formation, maintenance and obstacle avoidance tasks of multi-UAV. Based on Multiple-Agents Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm, we designed a hybrid reward distribution mechanism for autonomous formation task, which effectively solved the problem of uneven global reward distribution and individual "selfish strategy", and designed a dynamic communication strategy inside the UAV formation to reduce the computational complexity. It can effectively improve the communication efficiency between UAVs. After training, the UAV can effectively avoid the no-fly zone and efficiently perform autonomous formation flight task. The introduction of the hybrid reward mechanism improves the stability of the UAV autonomous formation task and has certain application prospects.

Research on autonomous formation of Multi-UAV based on MADDPG algorithm

Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the effect of ischemic occlusion duration and recovery time course on motor and cognitive function, identify optimal conditions for assessing cognitive function with minimal interference from motor deficits, and elucidate the underlying mechanism of axonal inhibitors.Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) 60-min (tMCAO60min), tMCAO90min, tMCAO120min, and sham groups. We conducted forelimb grip strength, two-way shuttle avoidance task, and novel object recognition task (NORT)tests at three time points (14, 21, and 28 days). Expression of Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1), the endogenous antagonist lateral olfactory tract usher substance, ras homolog family member A (Rho-A), and RhoA-activated Rho kinase (ROCK) was examined in the ipsilateral thalamus.Results: There was no difference in grip strength between sham and tMCAO90min rats at 28 days. tMCAO90min and tMCAO120min rats showed lower discrimination indices in the NORT than sham rats on day 28. Compared with that in sham rats, the active avoidance response rate was lower in tMCAO90min rats on days 14, 21, and 28 and in tMCAO120min rats on days 14 and 21. Furthermore, 50-54% of rats in the tMCAO90min group developed significant cognitive impairment on day 28, and thalamic NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK expression were greater in tMCAO90min rats than in sham rats.Conclusion: Employing 90-min tMCAO in SD rats and assessing cognitive function 28 days post-stroke could minimize motor dysfunction effects in cognitive function assessments. Axonal inhibitor deregulation could be involved in poststroke cognitive impairment.

https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_18025_4fd54193b3e5b4408fb44531600ca4b5.pdf

NgR1 pathway expression in cerebral ischemic Sprague-Dawley rats with cognitive impairment

In this paper, a tone mapping algorithm is presented to map real-world luminance into displayed luminance. Our purpose is to reveal the local contrast of real-world scenes on a conventional monitor. Around this point, we propose a three-stage algorithm to visualize high dynamic range images. All pixels of high dynamic range images are classified into three groups. For the first stage, we introduce piecewise linear mapping as the global tone mapping operator to map the luminance of the first group, which provides overall impressions of luminance. For the second stage, the luminance of the second group is determined by the weighted average of its neighborhood pixels, which are derived from the first group’s pixels. For the third stage, the luminance of the third group is determined by the weighted average of its neighborhood pixels, which are derived from the second group’s pixels. Experimental results on several real-world images and the TMQI database show that our algorithm can improve the visibility of real-world scenes with about 12% and 9% higher scores of mean opinion score and tone-mapped image quality index than the closest competitive tone mapping methods. Compared to the existing tone mapping methods, our algorithm produces visually compelling results without halo artifacts and loss of detail.

/pdf/three-stage-tone-mapping-algorithm-27wcsb2t.pdf

Three-Stage Tone Mapping Algorithm

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