Sodium-ion batteries, representative members of the post-lithium-battery club, are very attractive and promising for large-scale energy storage applications. The increasing technological improvements in sodium-ion batteries (Na-ion batteries) are being driven by the demand for Na-based electrode materials that are resource-abundant, cost-effective, and long lasting. Polyanion-type compounds are among the most promising electrode materials for Na-ion batteries due to their stability, safety, and suitable operating voltages. The most representative polyanion-type electrode materials are Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaTi2(PO4)3 for Na-based cathode and anode materials, respectively. Both show superior electrochemical properties and attractive prospects in terms of their development and application in Na-ion batteries. Carbonophosphate Na3MnCO3PO4 and amorphous FePO4 have also recently emerged and are contributing to further developing the research scope of polyanion-type Na-ion batteries. However, the typical low conductivity and relatively low capacity performance of such materials still restrict their development. This paper presents a brief review of the research progress of polyanion-type electrode materials for Na-ion batteries, summarizing recent accomplishments, highlighting emerging strategies, and discussing the remaining challenges of such systems.

/pdf/polyanion-type-electrode-materials-for-sodium-ion-batteries-acaq5slqjx.pdf

Polyanion-Type Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

High performance sodium-ion hybrid capacitor based on Na 2 Ti 2 O 4 (OH) 2 nanostructures

Sodium ion capacitors have received much attention compared to lithium based systems due to the improved safety and earth abundancy. Here, we assembled an aqueous sodium ion capacitor using nickel hexacyanoferrate and graphene as positive and negative electrodes in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The fabricated capacitor can work in a wide potential window from 0 to 2 V, giving an energy density of 39 Wh kg−1 with better capacitance retention of about 91 % even after 2000 cycles. Besides, the cost-effective precursors, environmental friendly and earth abundant electrolytes with high safety will ensure the fabricated sodium ion capacitor system towards next generation energy storage applications.

A High-Energy Aqueous Sodium-Ion Capacitor with Nickel Hexacyanoferrate and Graphene Electrodes

Sodium orthosilicates Na2MSiO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) have attracted much attention due to the possibility of exchanging two electrons per formula unit. They are also found to exhibit great structural stability due to a diamond-like arrangement of tetrahedral groups. In this work, we have systematically studied the possible polymorphism of these compounds by means of density functional theory, optimising the structure of a number of systems with different group symmetries. The ground state is found to be Pc-symmetric for all the considered M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and several similar structures exhibiting different symmetries coexist within a 0.3 eV energy window from this structural minimum. The intercalation/deintercalation potential is calculated for varying transition metal atoms M. Iron sodium orthosilicates, attractive due to the natural abundance of both materials, exhibit a low voltage, which can be enhanced by doping with nickel. The diffusion pathways for Na atoms are discussed, and the relevant barriers are calculated using the nudged elastic band method on top of DFT calculations. Also in this case, nickel impurities would improve the material performances by lowering the barrier heights. Notably, the ionic conductivity is found to be systematically larger with respect to the case of lithium orthosilicates, due to a larger spacing between atomic layers and to the non-directional bonding between Na and the neighbouring atoms. Overall, the great structural stability of the material together with the low barriers for Na diffusion indicates this class of materials as good candidates for modern battery technologies.

/pdf/first-principles-study-of-the-structural-stability-and-4g5as06gqf.pdf

First-principles study of the structural stability and electrochemical properties of Na2MSiO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) polymorphs.

Using a combination of adaptive genetic algorithm search, motif-network search scheme and first-principles calculations, we have systematically studied the low-energy crystal structures of Na2FeSiO4. We show that the low-energy crystal structures with different space group symmetries can be classified into several families based on the topologies of their Fe–Si networks. In addition to the diamond-like network which is shared by most of the low-energy structures, another three robust Fe–Si networks are also found to be stable during the charge/discharge process. The electrochemical properties of representative structures from these four different Fe–Si networks in Na2FeSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 are investigated and found to be strongly correlated with the Fe–Si network topologies. Our studies provide a new route to characterize the crystal structures of Na2FeSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 and offer useful guidance for the design of promising cathodes for Na/Li ion batteries.

Fe-Si networks in Na2FeSiO4 cathode materials.

Na2CoSiO4 as a novel positive electrode material for sodium-ion capacitors

The invention relates to a tin dioxide nanorod with a controllable length/diameter ratio and a preparation method thereof The tin dioxide nanorod has a one dimensional shape, the diameter of the tin dioxide nanorod is 5 to 50 nm, the length is 5 to 300 nm, the length/diameter ratio is 1 to 30, and the specific surface area is larger than 50 m2/g The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing pure water and an oil phase solvent, and adding an alkali source, a tin source, and a surfactant under stirring so as to form a layered mixed solution; (2) adding the layered mixed solution into a reactor to carry out solvothermal reactions, wherein the filling rate of the reactor is 50 to 80%, the reaction temperature is 160 to 250 DEG C, and the reaction time is 12 to 36 hours; (3) after reactions, taking out the precipitates, washing, and separating to obtain the tin dioxide nanorod Compared with the prior art, the provided tin dioxide nanorod has the advantages of large specific surface area, controllable length/diameter ratio, simple preparation technology, low cost, and massive production

Tin dioxide nanorod with controllable length/diameter ratio and preparation method thereof

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Na2CoSiO4 as a novel positive electrode material for sodium-ion capacitors

Tin dioxide nanorod with controllable length/diameter ratio and preparation method thereof