Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of organic crystalline porous materials discovered in the early 21st century that have become an attractive class of emerging materials due to their high crystallinity, intrinsic porosity, structural regularity, diverse functionality, design flexibility, and outstanding stability. However, many chemical and physical properties strongly depend on the presence of metal ions in materials for advanced applications, but metal-free COFs do not have these properties and are therefore excluded from such applications. Metalated COFs formed by combining COFs with metal ions, while retaining the advantages of COFs, have additional intriguing properties and applications, and have attracted considerable attention over the past decade. This review presents all aspects of metalated COFs, from synthetic strategies to various applications, in the hope of promoting the continued development of this young field.

Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications.

The increasing amounts of emerging contaminants (ECs) in aquatic ecosystems are becoming one of the serious environmental issues. Therefore, the efficient removal of ECs is of urgent importance. Herein, a computational technique of molecular dynamics (MD) and the density functional theory (DFT) were employed to assess the adsorption affinity of three regenerable covalent organic frameworks (COFs), namely, DAAQ-TFP, COF-78, and COF-OEt, for the removal of six different ECs from the different pharmaceutical groups, including atenolol, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and gemfibrozil. Detailed analyses showed that DAAQ-TFP and COF-78 were more efficient in removing atenolol (100%) and carbamazepine (100%) with Gibbs free energy values of −24.48 and −21.15 kJ/mol, respectively. COF-OEt possessed the highest absolute value of the Gibbs free energy, interaction energy, and adsorption affinity in removing ciprofloxacin (88%), diclofenac (63%), ibuprofen (100%), and gemfibrozil (100%). The hydrogen bond formation and van der Waals forces were introduced as the primary adsorption mechanisms. In addition, it was shown that COFs with a pore-based structure have lower capability for the removal of pollutants. The primary aim of this research work is to introduce efficient and regenerable COFs as a promising adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants. 

Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants from Wastewater Using 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): An In Silico Engineering Study

Sound absorption polyimide composite aerogels for ancient architectures’ protection

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained considerable attention due to their design possibilities as the molecular organic building blocks that can stack in an atomically precise spatial arrangement. 

A comprehensive review of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their derivatives in environmental pollution control

In this study, a durable hydrophobicity hydrazone covalent organic framework (BTCH-PTA-COF) has been developed as fiber coating, which was applied to solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The hydrophobic and π-π packing interactions between BTCH-PTA-COF and PAHs were confirmed by contact angle experiments and Van der Waals surface electrostatic potential analysis. Further, large specific surface area, good chemical and thermal stability have positive promoting effect on extraction. The method of wide linearity (0.25–300 µg·L−1), low detection limits (0.03–0.05 µg·L−1) and high enrichment factors (767–1411) for the detection of PAHs is explored, coupling BTCH-PTA-COF based SPME with gas chromatography with hydrogen flame detector (GC-FID). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for inter-day and intra-day extractions of PAHs are ranging from 4.1 % to 9.6 % and 2.9 % to 6.4 %, respectively. The method successfully detected and quantified trace PAHs in tea beverages and river water samples with recoveries from 88.5 % to 104.8 %. The BTCH-PTA-COF coated fiber is ultra-stable in recycled extraction and reused at least 120 times, which could surpass published and commercial SPME fiber. 

A durable hydrophobicity hydrazone covalent organic framework coating for solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and environmental sample

Covalent organic framework-based porous materials for harmful gas purification

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Covalent organic framework-based porous materials for harmful gas purification