Recently, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA) has garnered great attention as foundational material for biomedical applications due to inherent biocompatibility, and controlled rate of biodegradation facilitating the modification of surface properties and improved interaction with biological substrates. PLGA has been applied in drug conveyance, tissue engineering, controlled release of proteins, molecule-drugs, and other macromolecular entities. Varying nanoarchitectures utilizable for cancer imaging and therapy have been developed using PLGA and their clinical applications have been assessed. PLGA or nanoparticles (NPs) of PLGA has also been functionalized for tumor-targeting, diagnostic behavior and in vivo imaging. Therefore, this paper critically elucidates emerging trends in PLGA bone tissue engineering, PLGA-NPs tumor-targeting for cancer, imaging and therapy, as well as varying techniques for fabricating devices and parameters influencing their drug releasing rate and degradation. 

Emerging trends in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid bionanoarchitectures and applications

Ternary dual S-scheme In2O3/SnIn4S8/CdS heterojunctions for boosted light-to-hydrogen conversion.

Ginsenoside Rg3-engineered exosomes as effective delivery platform for potentiated chemotherapy and photoimmunotherapy of glioblastoma

Abstract: Depression is a prevalent mental disorder and has a profound impact on an individual’s psychological and physical well-being. It is characterized by a persistently depressed mood, loss of interest, energy loss, and cognitive dysfunction. In recent years, more and more people have changed to mental diseases, such as depression, anxiety, mania and so on. In the incidence of depression, covering all ages, but still mainly young and middle-aged women. Traditional treatments for depression mainly rely on medication and psychotherapy, but these methods are not effective for all patients and are often accompanied by certain side effects. Therefore, finding safe and effective alternative or adjuvant treatments has become a priority. Here we highlight the research progress of acupuncture in the treatment of depression and to explore the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of depression. Acupuncture treatment of depression is an ancient and effective method, the mechanism involves multiple biological pathways, for example, by regulating neurotransmitter levels, regulating the neuroendocrine axis, improving neuroplasticity, anti-inflammatory and other effects, improving emotional state and play an antidepressant role. To provide evidence to support the widespread use of acupuncture in clinical practice. We hope to provide new treatment ideas and methods for patients with depression, and even reduce the incidence of depression. Keywords: acupuncture, depression, mechanism 

pdf/treatment-of-depression-with-acupuncture-based-on-1s7h3uwke0.pdf

Treatment of Depression with Acupuncture Based on Pathophysiological Mechanism

The authors present a steady-state-, particle-size-, and dose-dependent dissolution-permeation model that describes particle dissolution within the concentration boundary layer (CBL) adjacent to a semipermeable surface. It is critical to understand how particle size and dose affect the behavior of dissolving particles in the presence of a CBL adjacent to a semipermeable surface both in vivo and in vitro. Control of particle size is ubiquitous in the pharmaceutical industry; however, traditional pharmaceutical assumptions of particle dissolution typically ignore particle dissolution within the length scale of the CBL. The CBL does not physically prevent particles from traveling to the semipermeable surface (mucus, epithelial barrier, synthetic membrane, etc.), and particle dissolution can occur within the CBL thickness (δC) if the particle is sufficiently small (∼dparticle ≤ δC). The total flux (the time rate transport of molecules across the membrane surface per unit area) was chosen as a surrogate parameter for measuring the additional mass generated by particles dissolving within the donor CBL. Mass transfer experiments aimed to measure the total flux of drug using an ultrathin large-area membrane diffusion cell described by Sinko et al. with a silicone-based membrane ( Mol. Pharmaceutics 2020, 17, (7) 2319-2328, DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00040). Suspensions of ibuprofen, a model weak-acid drug, with three different particle-size distributions with average particle diameters of 6.6, 37.4, and 240 μm at multiple doses corresponding to a range of suspension concentrations with dimensionless dose numbers of 2.94, 14.7, 147, and 588 were used to test the model. Experimentally measured total flux across the semipermeable membrane/CBL region agreed with the predictions from the proposed model, and at a range of relatively low suspension concentrations, dependent on the average particle size, there was a measurable effect on the flux due to the difference in δC that formed at the membrane surface. Additionally, the dose-dependent total flux across the membrane was up to 10% higher than the flux predicted by the standard Higuchi-Hiestand dissolution model where the effects of confinement were ignored as described by Wang et al. ( Mol. Pharmaceutics 2012, 9 (5), 1052-1066, DOI: 10.1021/mp2002818).

Particle Size, Dose, and Confinement Affect Passive Diffusion Flux through the Membrane Concentration Boundary Layer.

Size-dependent cellular uptake and sustained drug release of PLGA particles

OBJECTIVE
To observe the impacts of acupuncture on depressive mood and sleep quality in patients with comorbid mild-to-moderate depressive disorder and insomnia, and explore its effect mechanism.


METHODS
A total of 60 patients with comorbid mild-to-moderate depressive disorder and insomnia were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off). In the observation group, acupuncture and low frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) were combined for the intervention. Acupuncture was applied to Baihui (GV 20), Yintang (GV 24+), Neiguan (PC 6) and Yanglingquan (GB 34), etc., the needles were retained for 30 min; and the intradermal needles were embedded at Xinshu (BL 15) and Danshu (BL 19) for 2 days. After acupuncture, the rTMS was delivered at the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC), with 1 Hz and 80% of movement threshold, lasting 30 min in each treatment. In the control group, the sham-acupuncture was adopted, combined with low frequency rTMS. The acupoint selection and manipulation were the same as the observation group. In the two groups, acupuncture was given once every two days, 3 times weekly; while, rTMS was operated once daily, for consecutive 5 days a week. The duration of treatment consisted of 4 weeks. Hamilton depression scale-17 (HAMD-17) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores were observed before and after treatment, as well as 1 month after the treatment completion (follow-up period) separately. Besides, the levels of nerve growth factor (BDNF) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the serum were detected before and after treatment in the two groups.


RESULTS
After treatment and in follow-up, the HAMD-17 scores were lower than those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and the scores in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the total scores and the scores of each factor of PSQI were reduced in the two groups in comparison with those before treatment except for the score of sleep efficiency in the control group (P<0.05); the total PSQI score and the scores for sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency and daytime dysfunction in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the follow-up, except for the scores of sleep duration and sleep efficiency in the control group, the total PSQI score and the scores of all the other factors were reduced compared with those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05); the total PSQI score and the scores of sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency and daytime dysfunction in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of serum BDNF and GABA were increased in comparison with those before treatment in the observation group (P<0.05), and the level of serum BDNF was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).


CONCLUSION
Acupuncture relieves depressive mood and improves sleep quality in patients with comorbid mild-to-moderate depressive disorder and insomnia. The effect mechanism may be related to the regulation of BDNF and GABA levels and the promotion of brain neurological function recovery.

[Effect of acupuncture combined with low frequency rTMS on comorbid mild-to-moderate depressive disorder and insomnia: a randomized controlled trial].

Nanodiamonds Improve Arsenic Trioxide Treatment of Liver Tumor by Inhibiting Metastasis in Multiple Organs

Shield cutterhead is the key part of tunneling construction machinery. Because the cutterhead can cut the front soil by the cutter on the cutterhead, it’s of great significance for the design of the cutterhead to research the dynamic process of cutter cutting. With using extended Drucker-Prager constitutive model and damage model which has element removing function, the properties of soil material can be simulated more practically. The results also provide a simulation method of soil material on researching cutterhead tunneling process. Combined with finite element dynamic contact characteristics, it is obtained the regulation of cutting force changing with time and cutting force value in the process of cutter cutting. The results also offer a engineering parameters for researching the load state of cutterhead tunneling.

Numerical Simulation of Cutting Process by Cutter in Shield Machine

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Size-dependent cellular uptake and sustained drug release of PLGA particles

[Effect of acupuncture combined with low frequency rTMS on comorbid mild-to-moderate depressive disorder and insomnia: a randomized controlled trial].

Nanodiamonds Improve Arsenic Trioxide Treatment of Liver Tumor by Inhibiting Metastasis in Multiple Organs

Numerical Simulation of Cutting Process by Cutter in Shield Machine