Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative approach for improved cancer treatment. In PDT, a photosensitizer (PS) is administered that can be activated by light of a specific wavelength, which causes selective damage to the tumor and its surrounding vasculature. The success of PDT is limited by the difficulty in administering photosensitizers (PSs) with low water solubility, which compromises the clinical use of several molecules. Incorporation of PSs in nanostructured drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), hydrogels, liposomes, liquid crystals, dendrimers, and cyclodextrin is a potential strategy to overcome this difficulty. Additionally, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may improve the transcytosis of a PS across epithelial and endothelial barriers and afford the simultaneous co-delivery of two or more drugs. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology in medicine may offer numerous exciting possibilities in cancer treatment and improve the efficacy of available therapeutics. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer.

Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review

5 Abstract Feeding behavior depends on the balance between food intake and energy expenditure. This regulation occurs in the brain where the hypothalamus plays a key role. The hypothalamus receives adiposity signals by insulin and leptin that gives information about the state of energy reserves. When their levels are low, hypothalamus nuclei send signals through the orexigenic neuropeptides NPY, AgRP, CRH and orexins and ghrelin, a peripheral peptide that stimulate food intake. During ingestion, the first signals received by the brain are the pleasure channeled through the reward system, and the distension of the stomach that is communicated to the brainstem via the vagus nerve. Digestion causes the release of hormones that act as peripheral satiety signals, operating in the brainstem or in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. Examples of such hormones are amylin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), oxyntomodulin (OXM), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-related peptide (GLP1) and peptide YY (PYY). The regulation of feeding behavior also involves the monoamines dopamine, noradrenalin and serotonin involved in the reward center, a system that values the intake by the feeling of pleasure, and the endocannabinoid system that protects from anxiety and stimulates feeding. Actually, there are few alternative drugs to treat obesity that are effective and safe because the pathways involved in feeding behavior are often easily compensated by other pathways, and are involved in the regulation of other systems.

https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/7865/1/Ferreira,%20Joana%20Isabel%20Xavier.pdf

Instituto superior de ci ncias da sa⁄de

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are naturally occurring macromolecules widely used as excipients on pharmaceutical formulations, evidencing a large spectrum of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Their unique ability to act as molecular containers by entrapping a wide range of guest molecules in their internal cavity makes them a remarkable excipient to improve drug apparent solubility, stability, and bioavailability, and a valuable tool for the assembly of new drug delivery systems. These features are especially useful when it comes to chemotherapy, as most of the anticancer drugs present both low permeability and reduced water solubility. Therefore, guest-host inclusion complexes offer several potential advantages not only regarding the improvement of pharmaceutical formulations characteristics but also considering the reduction of drug toxic side effects. The combination of CDs with additional technologies and materials constitutes a potential strategy towards the development of advanced and multifunctional CD-based delivery systems. Paclitaxel, curcumin, camptothecin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin are among the most studied molecules with anticancer activities and have been successfully incorporated in such nanosystems. Exciting results using CDs and CD-based delivery systems have been obtained so far, paving the way towards the attainment of intelligent delivery systems to possibly address cancer therapeutics' unmet needs. In this review, a comprehensive exposition concerning in vivo-tested CD and CD-based delivery systems for anticancer therapy is undertaken. Additionally, the authors address the multivalent functionalities of CD-based delivery systems, namely the incorporation of active target ligands, stimuli-responsiveness components, surface functionalization, or further associations with other delivery systems, aiming at improved in vivo anticancer therapies. Graphical abstract.

Cyclodextrin-based delivery systems for in vivo-tested anticancer therapies

Evaluation of the antibacterial and modulatory potential of α-bisabolol, β-cyclodextrin and α-bisabolol/β-cyclodextrin complex.

The clinical need for photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been growing for several decades. Notably, PDT is often used in oncology to treat a variety of tumors since it is a low-risk therapy with excellent selectivity, does not conflict with other therapies, and may be repeated as necessary. The mechanism of action of PDT is the photoactivation of a particular photosensitizer (PS) in a tumor microenvironment in the presence of oxygen. During PDT, cancer cells produce singlet oxygen (1O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation of PSs by irradiation, which efficiently kills the tumor. However, PDT’s effectiveness in curing a deep-seated malignancy is constrained by three key reasons: a tumor’s inadequate PS accumulation in tumor tissues, a hypoxic core with low oxygen content in solid tumors, and limited depth of light penetration. PDTs are therefore restricted to the management of thin and superficial cancers. With the development of nanotechnology, PDT’s ability to penetrate deep tumor tissues and exert desired therapeutic effects has become a reality. However, further advancement in this field of research is necessary to address the challenges with PDT and ameliorate the therapeutic outcome. This review presents an overview of PSs, the mechanism of loading of PSs, nanomedicine-based solutions for enhancing PDT, and their biological applications including chemodynamic therapy, chemo-photodynamic therapy, PDT–electroporation, photodynamic–photothermal (PDT–PTT) therapy, and PDT–immunotherapy. Furthermore, the review discusses the mechanism of ROS generation in PDT advantages and challenges of PSs in PDT.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c05852

Nanotherapeutic Intervention in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer

Ciclodextrinas em novos sistemas terapeuticos

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Ciclodextrinas em novos sistemas terapeuticos