The cellular stress response (CSR) is pervasive to all domains of life. It has shaped the interaction between organisms and their environment since the origin of the first cell. Although the CSR has been subject to a myriad of nuanced modifications in the various branches of life present today, its core features remain preserved. The scientific literature covering the CSR is enormous and the broad scope of this brief overview was challenging. However, it is critical to conceptually understand how cells respond to stress in a holistic sense and to point out how fundamental aspects of the CSR framework are integrated. It was necessary to be extremely selective and not feasible to even mention many interesting and important developments in this expansive field. The purpose of this overview is to sketch out general and emerging CSR concepts with an emphasis on the initial cellular strain resulting from stress (macromolecular damage) and the evolutionarily most highly conserved elements of the CSR. Examples emphasize fish and aquatic invertebrates to highlight what is known in organisms beyond mammals, yeast, and other common models. Nonetheless, select pioneering studies using canonical models are also considered and the concepts discussed are applicable to all cells. More detail on important aspects of the CSR in aquatic animals is provided in the accompanying articles of this special issue.

Evolution of cellular stress response mechanisms.

We have studied stable transformed human mammary cell lines with highly inducible steroid receptor-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression Cells responding specifically to glucocorticoids, progestagens, androgens, or estrogens are described and characterized The use of this high-throughput, cell-based assay for analysis of steroid (ant)agonists is reported Systematic characterization of endocrine-disrupting activity on human receptors and in a human-cell system is interpreted for a selection of xenobiotics We show that the phytoestrogens apigenin and genistin have progestagenic and androgenic activity, respectively Finally, application of cell-based assays to the analysis of environmental samples is discussed

Use of reporter cell lines for detection of endocrine-disrupter activity

Spatial and temporal control of expression of therapeutic genes using heat shock protein promoters.

Cell line derived from fish has been established as a promising tool for studying many key issues of aquaculture covering fish growth, disease, reproduction, genetics, and biotechnology. In addition, fish cell lines are very useful in vitro models for toxicological, pathological, and immunological studies. The easier maintenance of fish cell lines in flexible temperature regimes and hypoxic conditions make them preferable in vitro tools over mammalian cell lines. Great excitement has been observed in establishing and characterizing new fish cell lines representing diverse fish species and tissue types. The well-characterized and authenticated cell lines are of utmost essential as these represent cellular functions very similar to in vivo state of an organism otherwise it would affect the reproducibility of scientific research.The fish cell lines have exhibited encouraging results in several key aspects of in vitro research in aquaculture including virology, nutrition and metabolism, production of vaccines, and transgenic fish production. The review paper reports the cell lines developed from fish, their characterization, and biobanking along with their potential applications and challenges in in vitro research. 

/pdf/role-and-relevance-of-fish-cell-lines-in-advanced-in-vitro-1mryzyd9.pdf

Role and relevance of fish cell lines in advanced in vitro research

Green fluorescent proteins in receptor research: An emerging tool for drug discovery

A transformed fish cell line expressing a green fluorescent protein-luciferase fusion gene responding to cellular stress

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A transformed fish cell line expressing a green fluorescent protein-luciferase fusion gene responding to cellular stress