Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most broadly utilized solid lubricants with a wide range of applications, including but not limited to those in the aerospace/space industry. Here we present a focused review of solid lubrication with MoS2 by highlighting its structure, synthesis, applications and the fundamental mechanisms underlying its lubricative properties, together with a discussion of their environmental and temperature dependence. The review also includes an extensive overview of the structure and tribological properties of doped MoS2, followed by a discussion of potential future research directions.

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Solid Lubrication with MoS2: A Review

J. Mayer, J. Microscopy 1998, 194, 71. [21] J. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack, U. Littmark, The Stopping Range of Ions in Matter (Pergamon Press, New York, 1985). [22] H. Gao, Y. Huang, W. D. Nix, J. W. Hutchinson, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1999, 47, 1239. [23] H. Mughrabi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2004, 387–389, 209. [24] B. von Blanckenhagen, P. Gumbsch, E. Arzt, Phil. Mag. Lett. 2003, 83, 1. [25] R. Sedlacek, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 393, 387. [26] D. Hull, D. Bacon, Introduction to Dislocations Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004. [27] L. H. Friedman, D. C. Chrzan, Phil. Mag. A 1998, 77, 1185. [28] E. O. Hall, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1951, B64, 747. [29] N. J. Petch, J. Iron Steel 1953, 174, 25. [30] E. Arzt, G. Dehm, P. Gumbsch, O. Kraft, D. Weiss, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2001, 46, 283. [31] S. P. Baker, A. Kretschmann, E. Arzt, Acta Mater. 2001, 49, 2145. [32] N. Kalyanasundaram, M. C. Moore, J. B. Freund, H. T. Johnson, Acta Mater. 2006, 54, 483.

Determination of Mechanical Properties of Copper at the Micron Scale

Wear resistance investigation of titanium nitride-based coatings

Freestanding CrNx and Cr1 − xAlxN films with two different Al atomic percentages with respect to the metal sublattice (x = 0.23 and x = 0.60) were produced by pulsed closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (P-CFUBMS). The dynamic oxidation behavior of the films has been characterized by thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The structure of the films at different thermal-annealing temperatures were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in an effort to understand different phase transitions and oxidation reactions observed on the DSC curves. The peak temperatures of the main exothermic/endothermic oxidation reactions in the DSC signals at different heating rates were applied to the Kissinger model for determination of activation energies. The mechanical properties of the films at different heat-annealing states were measured by nano-indentation. It was found that the CrNx films oxidized in air after 600 °C by the dissociation of fcc (face center cubic)-CrN to h(hexagonal)-Cr2N and nitrogen and, after 900 °C by the dissociation of h-Cr2N to Cr and nitrogen in the film. The addition of Al to CrN film can further improve the oxidation resistance, especially for the high temperature above 800 °C. The oxidation degradation in two Cr-Al-N films started with dissociation of fcc-CrAlN to h-Cr2N and nitrogen in the film. The presence of thermally stable Al–N bonding in the fcc-CrAlN structure can suppress the reduction of nitrogen in the film. A dense (Cr,Al)2O3 layer (either amorphous or crystalline) formed at early oxidation stage (

A study of the oxidation behavior of CrN and CrAlN thin films in air using DSC and TGA analyses

Sputter deposition of transition-metal carbide films - A critical review from a chemical perspective

Transition metal dichalcogenides are well known for their lubricating properties. MoS2 is the most popular member of this family and it is widely used as a solid lubricant in vacuum and inert gases. However, the lubricating properties of MoS2 are deteriorated in humid air. It is known that molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) has the same crystal structure and also exhibits suitable lubricating properties, but their dependence on air humidity has not been studied yet in details. This paper is aimed to the comparison of tribological properties of MoS2 and MoSe2 coatings measured in air of different humidity and at elevated temperatures. Both coatings were prepared by non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering and tested with ball-on-disc high temperature tribometer. The results of measurements of friction coefficient and wear rate vs. tribometer revolutions and the resulting dependencies of friction coefficient and wear rate on ambient air relative humidity are presented. These results show that the friction coefficient of MoSe2 was not influenced by air humidity. Wear rate of MoSe2 in dry air was substantially higher than that of MoS2; in humid air, the MoS2 wear rate increased rapidly while wear rate of MoSe2 remained unchanged. The operating temperature of both coatings was limited to 350 °C.

Temperature dependence of tribological properties of MoS2 and MoSe2 coatings

PVD-coated instruments are often used at elevated temperatures. However, the friction and wear data of these coatings at temperatures exceeding room temperature are still lacking. In order to help remedy this lack, three coatings widely spread in industrial applications, TiN, TiCN and CrN, taken from standard production of customer's coating centre were comparatively measured up to 500 °C. The coatings were deposited on hardened steel substrates either by unbalanced magnetron sputtering or arc evaporation deposition. The measurements were done using a high-temperature tribometer (pin-on-disc, CSM Instruments). The evolution of friction coefficient with sliding distance (number of cycles) was measured at different temperatures and the wear rate of the ball and coating were evaluated. 100Cr6 balls and the Si3N4 ceramic balls were used as counterparts. The wear tracks were examined optically and by SEM. The surface oxidation at elevated temperatures and chemical composition inside and outside the wear track was also measured by EDX analysis.

Comparison of tribological behaviour of TiN, TiCN and CrN at elevated temperatures

The tribological characteristics of TiCN coating at elevated temperatures

Tribological characteristics of CrCN coatings at elevated temperature

Ti–C:H coatings with different carbon content for biomedical applications were deposited by PECVD. Ti was varied by magnetron sputtering a Ti-target with different power in a dc discharge regime having Ar in the atmosphere. Ti–C:H coating was tribologically tested reflecting its expected use as an interlayer for improving the adhesion of functional a-C:H coatings. The tribological properties were studied using a pin-on-disc CSM Tribometer in order to ensure stable tribological properties of the whole Ti–C:H/DLC system for any case of top layer failure. The sliding tests were carried out at room temperature in room environment with relative air humidity 40 ± 5%, in 0.9% NaCl water solution (physiological solution, PS) and in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) dissolved in Ringer's saline solution using 440C steel balls with a diameter of 8 mm. The variation of the C2H2 flow led to carbon contents in the range [18–91 at.%]. The Ti-rich coatings exhibited poor wear resistance, while the best tribological properties were achieved for TiC/a-C:H coatings deposited with the highest C2H2 flows. When tested in biological solutions, the friction and wear resistance were analyzed with respect to their corrosion properties

Structure and tribology of biocompatible Ti–C:H coatings

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