The dense plasma focus (DPF), a coaxial plasma gun, utilizes pulsed high current electrical discharge to heat and compress the plasma to very high density and temperature with energy densities in the range of 1-10 ? 1010 J/m3. The DPF device has always been in the company of several alternative magnetic fusion devices as it produces intense fusion neutrons. Several experiments conducted on many different DPF devices ranging over several order of storage energy have demonstrated that at higher storage energy the neutron production does not follow I4 scaling laws and deteriorate significantly raising concern about the device's capability and relevance for fusion energy. On the other hand, the high energy density pinch plasma in DPF device makes it a multiple radiation source of ions, electron, soft and hard x-rays, and neutrons, making it useful for several applications in many different fields such as lithography, radiography, imaging, activation analysis, radioisotopes production etc. Being a source of hot dense plasma, strong shockwave, intense energetic beams and radiation, etc, the DPF device, additionally, shows tremendous potential for applications in plasma nanoscience and plasma nanotechnology. In the present paper, the key features of plasma focus device are critically discussed to understand the novelties and opportunities that this device offers in processing and synthesis of nanophase materials using, both, the top-down and bottom-up approach. The results of recent key experimental investigations performed on (i) the processing and modification of bulk target substrates for phase change, surface reconstruction and nanostructurization, (ii) the nanostructurization of PLD grown magnetic thin films, and (iii) direct synthesis of nanostructured (nanowire, nanosheets and nanoflowers) materials using anode target material ablation, ablated plasma and background reactive gas based synthesis and purely gas phase synthesis of various different types of nanostructured materials using DPF device will discussed to establish this device as versatile tool for plasma nanotechnology.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/591/1/012021/pdf

Dense Plasma Focus - From Alternative Fusion Source to Versatile High Energy Density Plasma Source for Plasma Nanotechnology

Nano Ca–Mg–Zn ferrites as tuneable photocatalyst for UV light-induced degradation of rhodamine B dye and antimicrobial behavior for water purification

A low energy (1.45 kJ) Mather type plasma focus device is used for nitrogen ion implantation in mono-crystalline silicon. The silicon specimens are exposed to different number of focus shots by placing the targets in front of the anode at a fixed distance. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are employed to characterize the implanted specimens. The results indicate that mono-crystalline silicon transforms into amorphous structure through micro-crystalline phase on increasing the implantation dose. Further irradiation of the specimens results in the formation of amorphous Si3N4 layers. High temperature annealing in argon ambient transforms the amorphous Si3N4 into β-Si3N4.

Nitrogen ion implantation of silicon in dense plasma focus

BACKGROUND
The lengthy and expensive process of developing a novel medicine often takes many years and entails a significant financial burden due to its poor success rate. Furthermore, the processing and analysis of quickly expanding massive data necessitate the use of cutting-edge methodologies. As a result, Artificial Intelligence-driven methods that have been shown to improve the efficiency and accuracy of drug discovery have grown in favor.


OBJECTIVE
The goal of this thorough analysis is to provide an overview of the drug discovery and development timeline, various approaches of drug design, and the use of Artificial Intelligence in many aspects of drug discovery.


METHODS
Traditional drug development approaches and their disadvantages are explored, followed by an introduction to AI-based technology. Also, advanced methods used in Machine Learning and Deep Learning are examined in detail. A few examples of big data research that has transformed the field of medication discovery have also been presented. Also covered are the many databases, toolkits, and software available for constructing Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning models, as well as some standard model evaluation parameters. Finally, recent advances and uses of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in drug discovery are thoroughly examined, along with their limitations and future potential.


CONCLUSION
Artificial Intelligence-based technologies enhance decision-making by utilizing the abundantly available high-quality data, and thereby, reduce the time and cost involved in the process. We anticipate that this review would be useful to researchers interested in Artificial Intelligence-based drug development.

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence: A paradigm shift in Big Data-Driven Drug Design and Discovery.

Study of hafnium oxide deposited using Dense Plasma Focus machine for film structure and electrical properties as a MOS device

Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) thin films have been successfully deposited on glass, silicon and ITO coated glass substrates by a 3.3?kJ Mather type dense plasma focus device. The x-ray diffraction spectra of the films deposited on glass substrates kept at a distance of 4.2?cm from the top of the anode with 10, 15 and 25 shots show peaks at 2? = 31.3? corresponding to the perovskite phase of PZT. Transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of 0.5?nm grains of PZT. The leakage current density is found to be 10?6?A?cm?2 at a reverse voltage of 1?V, from current density?voltage (J?V) characteristics. The capacitance?voltage (C?V) characteristics show a counter-clockwise hysteresis loop with a memory window of 1.2?V. The ferroelectric characteristic has been confirmed using the polarization?field hysteresis loop. The resistance of the film is about 1?G?. The spontaneous polarization, remanent polarization and coercive field values are found to be 20.1??C?cm?2, 8.6??C?cm?2 and 79.9?kV?cm?1, respectively.

Deposition of nanosized grains of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate on thin films using dense plasma focus

Surface wave excitation by a density modulated electron beam in a magnetized dusty plasma cylinder

The present paper studies the whistler wave interaction with an electron beam propagating through magnetized plasma. A dispersion relation of whistler waves has been derived, and first-order perturbation theory has been employed to obtain the growth rate of whistlers in the presence of parallel as well as oblique electron beam. For whistler waves propagating parallel to the magnetic field, that is, parallel whistlers, only the cyclotron resonance appears with a parallel beam, while for whistler waves propagating at an angle to the magnetic field, that is, oblique whistlers interaction with parallel beam or parallel whistlers interaction with oblique beam, the Cerenkov and the cyclotron resonances both appear. The growth rate is found to increase with an increase in the transverse component of beam velocity and with an increase in the strength of magnetic field. The whistler wave frequency decreases with an increase in the beam velocity. The obliqueness of the whistler mode modifies its dispersion characteristics as well as growth rate of the instability. For purely parallel-propagating beams, it is essential for the growth of whistler mode that the wave number perpendicular to the magnetic field should not be zero. The results presented may be applied to explain the mechanisms of the whistler wave excitation in space plasma.

Interaction of an electron beam with whistler waves in magnetoplasmas

An electron beam propagating through a magnetized dusty plasma drives electrostatic lower hybrid waves to instability via Cerenkov interaction. A dispersion relation and the growth rate of the instability for this process have been derived taking into account the dust charge fluctuations. The frequency and the growth rate of the unstable wave increase with the relative density of negatively charged dust grains. Moreover, the growth rate of the instability increases with beam density and scales as the one-third power of the beam density. In addition, the dependence of the growth rate on the beam velocity is also discussed.

Electron beam driven lower hybrid waves in a dusty plasma

Lower hybrid wave excitation in magnetized plasma by an ion beam via Cerenkov interaction is studied. The lower hybrid modes showed maximum growth rate of the instability when phase velocity of the lower hybrid mode along the magnetic field is comparable to the electron thermal velocity. We have derived the expression for the maximum growth rate and found that the growth rate of the instability increases with beam density. Moreover, the maximum growth rate of the instability scales as the one-third power of the beam density. The real part of the frequency of the unstable wave increases as almost the square root of the beam energy.

Excitation of lower hybrid wave by an ion beam in magnetized plasma

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