Detailed sea-level records beyond ~150,000 years ago are limited. Here, the authors present a radiometrically constrained sea-level record from the Red Sea, spanning five glacial cycles and examine sea-level rise rates and the effects of past global ice-volume changes on monsoon intensity.

/pdf/sea-level-variability-over-five-glacial-cycles-5fiaea0fu1.pdf

Sea-level variability over five glacial cycles

. We use the combined Dark Target/Deep Blue aerosol optical depth (AOD) satellite product of the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 6 to study trends over the Middle East between 2000 and 2015. Our analysis corroborates a previously identified positive AOD trend over large parts of the Middle East during the period 2001 to 2012. We relate the annual AOD to precipitation, soil moisture and surface winds to identify regions where these attributes are directly related to the AOD over Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran. Regarding precipitation and soil moisture, a relatively small area in and surrounding Iraq turns out to be of prime importance for the AOD over these countries. Regarding surface wind speed, the African Red Sea coastal area is relevant for the Saudi Arabian AOD. Using multiple linear regression we show that AOD trends and interannual variability can be attributed to soil moisture, precipitation and surface winds, being the main factors controlling the dust cycle. Our results confirm the dust driven AOD trends and variability, supported by a decreasing MODIS-derived Angstrom exponent and a decreasing AERONET-derived fine mode fraction that accompany the AOD increase over Saudi Arabia. The positive AOD trend relates to a negative soil moisture trend. As a lower soil moisture translates into enhanced dust emissions, it is not needed to assume growing anthropogenic aerosol and aerosol precursor emissions to explain the observations. Instead, our results suggest that increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity in the last decade have promoted soil drying, leading to increased dust emissions and AOD; consequently an AOD increase is expected due to climate change.

/pdf/aerosol-optical-depth-trend-over-the-middle-east-jko8v52lfd.pdf

Aerosol optical depth trend over the Middle East

This research work was supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia and the Saudi ARAMCO-KAUST Marine Environmental Research Center (SAKMERC). This research made use of the resources of the Supercomputing Laboratory and/or computer clusters at KAUST. The NCEP FNL, prepbufr global observational datasets were obtained from http://rda.ucar.edu. TRMM-3B42 rainfall estimates were downloaded from the TRMM NASA GFSC server. CCMP datasets were downloaded from podaac.jpl.nasa.gov. CMORPH rainfall estimates were downloaded from the Climate Prediction Center.

Climatic features of the Red Sea from a regional assimilative model

A high-resolution assessment of wind and wave energy potentials in the Red Sea

https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/704bb40b-6983-4967-82de-2dd413bb4817/1/Parton et al - 2015 - Orbital-scale climate variability in Arabia.pdf

Orbital-scale climate variability in Arabia as a potential motor for human dispersals

[1] Mesoscale atmospheric modeling over the Red Sea, validated by in-situ meteorological buoy data, identifies two types of coastal mountain gap wind jets that frequently blow across the longitudinal axis of the Red Sea: (1) an eastward-blowing summer daily wind jet originating from the Tokar Gap on the Sudanese Red Sea coast, and (2) wintertime westward-blowing wind-jet bands along the northwestern Saudi Arabian coast, which occur every 10–20 days and can last for several days when occurring. Both wind jets can attain wind speeds over 15 m s−1 and contribute significantly to monthly mean surface wind stress, especially in the cross-axis components, which could be of importance to ocean eddy formation in the Red Sea. The wintertime wind jets can cause significant evaporation and ocean heat loss along the northeastern Red Sea coast and may potentially drive deep convection in that region. An initial characterization of these wind jets is presented.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009GL040008

Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea

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Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea