다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

This paper investigates four software tools with CPU power consumption estimation capabilities and identifies the most suitable tool for open fifth-generation (5G) and beyond research. The tools considered are Open Hardware Monitor (OHM), Perf, Turbostat, and Powerstat. In this paper, we also show a comparison between hardware- and software-based power consumption monitoring on both Windows and Linux. The work considers experimentally probing the power consumption of a 5G base station component, which has been implemented on an open Radio Access Network (RAN) server computing platform. We found the Turbostat software tool to be the most suitable for our use case. Furthermore, with this tool, we demonstrate software power consumption monitoring of the RAN server, which showed a good correlation with hardware-based power consumption measurements. We also demonstrate the need to calibrate/offset the results to account for power consumption due to other components of a server. 

Software Tools for Power Consumption Monitoring of Open 5G and Beyond Research: A Review

The increased energy demand in the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks and beyond has led to energy efficiency (EE) becoming a key research focus, particularly within the radio access network (RAN). This article presents a review of state-of-the-art techniques that address EE within the 5G RAN. These techniques are classified into six categories: hardware advancements, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and antenna design, network architecture, sleep modes, optimisation techniques, and green energy sources. The article goes on to introduce a cost-effective power measurement setup designed for mobile network testbeds and demonstrates its use to compare the power consumption profile of different open-source RAN configurations deployed in the testbed. The proposed platform can be used not only to monitor and evaluate power consumption for different configurations of mobile network testbeds, but also to evaluate the implementation of different EE techniques. Further, we link the considered EE technologies with the capital and operational expenditures (Capex, Opex), total cost of ownership (TCO), and break-even points (BEP) across urban/rural deployments and open/proprietary deployment scenarios. Finally, by highlighting the least-explored areas and open research challenges, this work provides guidance for future research in this field. 

Toward Energy Efficiency in Radio Access Networks for 5G and Beyond: A Review of the State of the Art, Comparison of Power Consumption for Popular Open 5G RANs, and Techno-Economic Cost Impact

Power Consumption Measurement Tool for Research on Open 5G and Beyond

The Circinus galaxy is a composite starburst/Seyfert galaxy which exhibits radio lobes inflated by kpc scale outflows along its minor axis. Its proximity (4 Mpc) makes it a unique target to study the physical nature of these outflows. We investigate if they originate from nuclear star formation activity or if they are jets from an active galactic core. The MeerKAT array performs 5 arcsecond resolution radio observations, which is in the observed range of the arcminute lobes of the Circinus galaxy. In this work, a multi-wavelength analysis of the radio lobe structures will be conducted using the available MeerKAT observations and Fermi-LAT data, which will aid in the understanding of the origin of these structures. The results can then be compared to the star-formation driven Fermi bubbles in the Milky Way, which have also been observed in both the gamma-ray and the radio bands to determine possible physical similarities between these structures.

/pdf/multi-wavelength-study-of-large-scale-outflows-from-the-9j2un0lsnj.pdf

Multi-wavelength study of large-scale outflows from the Circinus galaxy

This paper looks at design considerations for an Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator (ESPAR) antenna suitable for inexpensive large-scale wireless network technologies. This can help address the demand for a cheaper, simpler, and low power alternative to fully adaptive antennas. We use simulations to consider the effect of the number of elements on the beam-forming and steering capabilities of an ESPAR antenna with a single ring of parasitic elements. Our results validated well against published results and provide the best possible gain over the parasitic element loads considered. It was also found that at least three parasitic elements are required to achieve a reasonably high maximum gain and deep nulls. Based on our results, a 10-element ESPAR offers the most continuous and uniform steering. In addition to smart low power applications, this advantage may be translated into improving the accuracy of triangulation for positioning, localisation, and navigation applications with ESPAR antennas.

Analysis of Uniformity in Steering Capability of an ESPAR Antenna

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Power Consumption Measurement Tool for Research on Open 5G and Beyond

Multi-wavelength study of large-scale outflows from the Circinus galaxy

Software Tools for Power Consumption Monitoring of Open 5G and Beyond Research: A Review

Analysis of Uniformity in Steering Capability of an ESPAR Antenna