Frequency control is an essential requirement of reliable electric power system operations. Determination of frequency control depends on frequency measurement and the practices based on these measurements that dictate acceptable frequency management. This report chronicles the evolution of these measurements and practices. As technology progresses from analog to digital for calculation, communication, and control, the technical basis for frequency control measurement and practices to determine acceptable performance continues to improve. Before the introduction of digital computing, practices were determined largely by prior experience. In anticipation of mandatory reliability rules, practices evolved from a focus primarily on commercial and equity issues to an increased focus on reliability. This evolution is expected to continue and place increased requirements for more precise measurements and a stronger scientific basis for future frequency management practices in support of reliability.

/pdf/frequency-control-performance-measurement-and-requirements-1julmhfdq3.pdf

Frequency Control Performance Measurement and Requirements

This article proposes an induction motor variable frequency drive to investigate its potential in handling smart grid's frequency. This can thus mitigate the grid reliance on expensive power plants. To this end, a primary frequency controller is presented enabling the drive to reduce its power in proportion to grid frequency drop. The dynamic limitation of the drive due to load's inertia is considered through a motor's speed rate limiter. Moreover, an appropriate inertia emulator is proposed for the smart drive by inspiring the inertial response of a direct-on-line motor. The impacts of speed rate, maximum reserve power and motor driven load's inertia on dynamic behavior of the smart motor load during the frequency support are addressed. Besides, the effectiveness of the smart drive's contribution in primary frequency regulation of the IEEE 39-bus test system is explored. In this regard, a critical droop coefficient that guarantees the maximum reserve power delivery for the smart drives is analytically derived. Finally, the proposed approach is extended to include the critical droop derivation for a set of smart drives with different sizes and priorities to rank their participation in primary frequency regulation process.

Smart Induction Motor Variable Frequency Drives for Primary Frequency Regulation

Following an unintended disconnection of a synchronous generator from the power system, what is also known as a loss of generation (LoG), it is not trivial to precisely estimate the post-event power system's inertia and the LoG size. One of the reasons for that is that both of them are a function of the unknown inertia reduction. To solve this challenging problem, this paper presents an analytical method based on the rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF). The method relies on a modified swing equation, allowing a simultaneous estimation of both unknowns. To this end, the values of mechanical starting time, apparent power, and loading of lost generator are formulated for the power system under study. In a practical application, the method can use RoCoF measured by phasor measurement units. The paper discusses the impact of various frequency estimation approaches to the proposed LoG estimation. Furthermore, a new method for LoG size estimation, based on the interpolated estimated inertial response, is proposed. The efficiency of the proposed approach is validated through extensive simulations with Matlab/Simulink using a simple power system and the IEEE 39-bus test network.

A New Approach to the Online Estimation of the Loss of Generation Size in Power Systems

This paper presents a procedure for determining the optimal location and size of Static VAr Compensators (SVC) in a power system. Two objective functions have been considered for solving the optimization problem: a) minimize a Voltage Performance Index (VPI); b) minimize the total active power losses and the investment cost of the compensators (SVC). The performances of installing one or two SVC devices were analyzed. The simulations were performed on the IEEE 30-bus network using a software implemented in under Matlab by the authors.

Optimal location and size of SVC for power losses minimization and voltage security improvement

Disaggregation of residential electric loads using smart metered data

This paper describes studies of an evolving power system that identified the need for additional dynamic reactive support at a major load center. Then the bid process from both the buyers and vendor's perspective is discussed, some features of the dynamic reactive device mentioned, environmental implications are discussed, and lessons learned that might be helpful to others are mentioned. Some of the most important conclusions include; the difference between mechanically switched capacitor banks and fast acting reactive power support, how to take results from system studies into a functional specification, how leaving part of the component selection to the vendors optimizes the final design, and the importance of forming a strong team for both the tender work and project execution.

Dallas fort worth SVC project: Parkdale SVC

In an ideal world we would have all the information we need, and that information would be completely accurate. Since we do not have an ideal world we must plan and operate the power system with the information that is available. The following describes two approaches to deal with primary governing and frequency issues where some of the data and models are suspect.

Primary Governing and Frequency Control in ERCOT

This paper presents an overview of the Southwest Power Pool's new Integrated Transmission Plan process, and how it lends itself to changing power system conditions, including evolving climate change technologies.

New Integrated Transmission Planning process in the Southwest Power Pool

A collection of slides from the author's conference presentation was given. Additional ways to value transmission expansion were presented.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7271236/7285590/07286307.pdf

Some ways to value transmission expansion

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Dallas fort worth SVC project: Parkdale SVC

Primary Governing and Frequency Control in ERCOT

New Integrated Transmission Planning process in the Southwest Power Pool

Some ways to value transmission expansion