https://www.sandia.gov/~sjplimp/papers/jcompphys95.pdf

Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics

Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

* Editors Foreword * The Universe Observed * Robertson-Walker Metric * Standard Cosmology * Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis * Thermodynamics in the Expanding Universe * Baryogenesis * Phase Transitions * Inflation * Structure Formation * Axions * Toward the Planck Epoch * Finale

The Early Universe

We explain how the string spectrum in flat space and pp-waves arises from the large-N limit, at fixed g2YM, of U(N) = 4 super Yang Mills. We reproduce the spectrum by summing a subset of the planar Feynman diagrams. We give a heuristic argument for why we can neglect other diagrams. We also discuss some other aspects of pp-waves and we present a matrix model associated to the DLCQ description of the maximally supersymmetric eleven dimensional pp-waves.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1126-6708/2002/04/013/pdf

Strings in flat space and pp waves from Script N = 4 Super Yang Mills

There is strong evidence that the area of any surface limits the information content of adjacent spacetime regions, at $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{69}$ bits per square meter. This article reviews the developments that have led to the recognition of this entropy bound, placing special emphasis on the quantum properties of black holes. The construction of light sheets, which associate relevant spacetime regions to any given surface, is discussed in detail. This article explains how the bound is tested, and its validity is demonstrated in a wide range of examples. A universal relation between geometry and information is thus uncovered. It has yet to be explained. The holographic principle asserts that its origin must lie in the number of fundamental degrees of freedom involved in a unified description of spacetime and matter. It must be manifest in an underlying quantum theory of gravity. This article surveys some successes and challenges in implementing the holographic principle.

The Holographic principle

Reconstruction of gauge potentials from Wilson loops

Parallel Algorithms for Short-range Molecular Dynamics

The magnetic-field distribution for a thin magnetic film is computed using the fast Fourier transform technique. The method is quite general and accommodates any two-dimensional magnetization distribution. It allows the computation of fields both inside the film (demagnetizing fields) and outside (stray fields and leakage). >

Demagnetizing field computation for dynamic simulation of the magnetization reversal process

This 15th Annual SC conference brings together a worldwide community to celebrate its achievements and envision the future of high performance computing, networking, and data technologies. Our theme, "From Terabytes to Insights," emphasizes the opportunity to use technology to transform an ever-increasing flow of data into the knowledge that will impact education, science, business, government, and every aspect of society.The technical program features an outstanding set of speakers - in plenary, masterworks, and papers -- who address key technical, policy, and real-world application issues of HPC. Tutorials and the Education program provide unparalleled opportunities for learning at and beyond the conference. Panel discussions and Birds of a Feather sessions are opportunities for community interaction and discussion. The Awards program recognizes the highest achievements in our field and at the conference.We feature a record number of exhibits from the world's top technology companies, cutting-edge start-ups, research centers, government labs, and top universities, providing an incomparable view of our country's accomplishments. Posters are integrated into the new 'Academic Village' section of the exhibition. And SCinet 2002, in place for the duration of the conference, is one of the most powerful networks on earth.The IntelliBadge™ demonstration project will link 'smart' sensor technology to on-the-floor computing and visualization resources as a service to attendees. Technical program attendees who participate in IntelliBadge will be able to pinpoint events that meet their needs and interests, locate people with similar interests, and even find restaurants to suit their tastes.We invite you to enjoy colorful, historic Baltimore, a city of great writers (Edgar Allen Poe, H. L. Mencken), great musicians (Eubie Blake, Billie Holiday), and the home of Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key penned "The Star Spangled Banner." The city's Inner Harbor is a perfect example of a rejuvenated inner city neighborhood. Conference hotels, restaurants, and entertainment facilities such as Harborplace, the National Aquarium, and the Maryland Science Center are an easy walk from the convention center.So, whether you want to build the world's most powerful supercomputer, develop lasting scientific collaborations, or simply glimpse the future technologies that will shape our world, you have come to the right place - SC2002 in Baltimore!

Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing

We explore the possibility that fractionally charged colored quarks and electrically neutral colored gluons may exist as real particles. Our framework is a renormalizable, spontaneously broken version of color dynamics [quantum chromodynamics (QCD)], in which the gluons are given a common mass $\ensuremath{\mu}$ in the Lagrangian. Color SU(3) remains an exact global symmetry, and for small $\ensuremath{\mu}$ our understanding of color-singlet hadrons in QCD is unaltered. For small $\ensuremath{\mu}$ the masses of physical quarks and gluons are large: $O({(2\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\mu})}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ the slope of Regge trajectories. There is at least one stable hadron for every representation of color SU(3). In the unbroken QCD limit ($\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$) the conventional picture of color confinement is recovered. To implement quasiconfinement in detail we use the MIT bag model. For $\ensuremath{\mu}=0$ this model describes confinement. For $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ it describes quasiconfinement with no further modification. Production cross sections for quarks and gluons turn out to be very small. Quark-nucleon and gluon-nucleon cross sections, on the other hand, are very large. Quarks and gluons have a large nuclear appetite: Sequential absorption of nucleons by a free quark is exothermic up to large values of total baryon number. If quarks are very heavy, primordial quarks left over from the big bang will be found in superheavy quark-nucleon complexes with large nonintegral charge and baryon number. Primordial gluons will have the appearance of integrally charged superheavy nucleon complexes.

Unconfined quarks and gluons

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