Pratylenchus thornei, a nematode species that feeds and reproduces in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) roots, is widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin and Indian subcontinent. In Australia, it can cause yield losses up to approximately 25% of intolerant chickpea cultivars. Potential for improvement has been hindered by the narrow genetic diversity of cultivated chickpea and a limited world collection of original wild Cicer spp. in the primary gene pool, consisting of 18 C. reticulatum and 10 C. echinospermum accessions. Recently, collections of C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum from Turkey have substantially increased the number of accessions. This study evaluated 133 C. reticulatum and 41 C. echinospermum accessions from the new collection for resistance to P. thornei under controlled conditions in repeated glasshouse pot experiments. The aim of the study was to identify accessions with resistance superior to that currently available in Australian germplasm. Both wild Cicer spp. were found, on average, to be more resistant to P. thornei (P < 0.001) than C. arietinum. Combined analyses across experiments to determine genetic rankings showed that 13 (7%) wild accessions were significantly more resistant than the most resistant C. echinospermum reference ILWC 246, while another 40 (23%) accessions were significantly more resistant than the least susceptible Australian chickpea cultivar PBA Seamer. Mean P. thornei population densities differed significantly between collection sites in Turkey and within each of the genetic population groups. The sites Kayatepe and Baristepe1, and genetic population groups Ret_A and Ret_F associated with sites Oyali and Baristepe1, produced the lowest P. thornei population densities. This is the first report assessing the resistance to P. thornei of this new collection which offers novel sources of P. thornei resistance and untapped genetic diversity valuable for international chickpea breeding programs to exploit.

Novel Sources of Resistance to Root-Lesion Nematode ( Pratylenchus thornei) in a New Collection of Wild Cicer Species ( C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum) to Improve Resistance in Cultivated Chickpea ( C. arietinum)

The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, is one of the major plant-parasitic nematode species causing significant yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In order to identify the underlying mechanisms of resistance to P. thornei, the transcriptomes of control and inoculated roots of three chickpea genotypes viz. D05253 > F3TMWR2AB001 (resistant advanced breeding line), PBA HatTrick (moderately resistant cultivar), and Kyabra (susceptible cultivar) were studied at 20 and 50 days post inoculation using the RNA-seq approach. On analyzing the 633.3 million reads generated, 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Comparative analysis revealed that the majority of DEGs upregulated in the resistant genotype were downregulated in the moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Transcription factor families WRKY and bZIP were uniquely expressed in the resistant genotype. The genes Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 10, Protein lifeguard-like, Protein detoxification, Bidirectional sugar transporter Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters1 (SWEET1), and Subtilisin-like protease were found to play cross-functional roles in the resistant chickpea genotype against P. thornei. The identified candidate genes for resistance to P. thornei in chickpea can be explored further to develop markers and accelerate the introgression of P. thornei resistance into elite chickpea cultivars.

/pdf/transcriptome-analysis-reveals-key-genes-associated-with-2c3payy07p.pdf

Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes associated with root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei resistance in chickpea.

Pratylenchus thornei is a root-lesion nematode
 (RLN) of economic significance in the grain growing regions of Australia. Chickpea
 (Cicer arietinum) is a significant legume
 crop grown throughout these regions, but previous testing found most cultivars were
 susceptible to P. thornei. Therefore, improved
 resistance to P. thornei is an important
 objective of the Australian chickpea breeding program. A glasshouse method was
 developed to assess resistance of chickpea lines to P.
 thornei, which requires relatively low labour and resource input, and
 hence is suited to routine adoption within a breeding program. Using this method,
 good differentiation of chickpea cultivars for P.
 thornei resistance was measured after 12 weeks. Nematode
 multiplication was higher for all genotypes than the unplanted control, but of the
 47 cultivars and breeding lines tested, 17 exhibited partial resistance, allowing
 less than two fold multiplication. The relative differences in resistance identified
 using this method were highly heritable (0.69) and were validated against P. thornei data from seven field trials using a
 multi-environment trial analysis. Genetic correlations for cultivar resistance
 between the glasshouse and six of the field trials were high (>0.73). These
 results demonstrate that resistance to P. thornei
 in chickpea is highly heritable and can be effectively selected in a limited set of
 environments. The improved resistance found in a number of the newer chickpea
 cultivars tested shows that some advances have been made in the P. thornei resistance of Australian chickpea cultivars,
 and that further targeted breeding and selection should provide incremental
 improvements.

Highly heritable resistance to root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) in Australian chickpea germplasm observed using an optimised glasshouse method and multi-environment trial analysis

Predicting the slow decline of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) during host-free fallows to improve farm management decisions

The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei causes economic losses in wheat and barley internationally, through both reduced grain yield and grain quality. This study investigated the relationships between the pre-sowing P. thornei density and grain yield, and post-harvest nematode densities. Four field experiments were conducted at the same site between 2010 and 2014. A range of pre-sowing P. thornei densities were established in the first year by growing three cereal cultivars that ranged from resistant to susceptible. In the following year, plots were over sown with the five same cereal cultivars. A linear relationship was observed between the natural log of the pre-sowing P. thornei density and grain yield across all seasons. The results showed grain yield losses varied between cultivars and seasons. The importance of season was significant, with this study conducted over several seasons and highlighted the variability in yield losses between seasons which will need further investigation. The greatest yield losses observed were 25-28%, when the maximum pre-sowing P. thornei densities ranged between 150-250 P. thornei. g soil-1. An analysis of the relationship between the pre-sowing and post-harvest nematode densities revealed that increased pre-sowing nematode densities resulted in decreased multiplication rates in all seasons and in all cultivars. Nematode multiplication rates also varied between seasons. These results explain why it is difficult to predict nematode levels based on cropping history and highlight the importance of growing resistant cultivars to maintain low levels of P. thornei to minimize risk of yield losses.

Pratylenchus thornei: The Relationship Between Presowing Nematode Density and Yield Loss in Wheat and Barley

In Australia, root-lesion nematode (RLN; Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces chickpea and wheat yields. Yield losses from RLN have been determined through use of nematicide; however, nematicide does not control nematodes in Vertosol subsoils in Australia’s northern grains region. The alternative strategy of assessing yield response, by using crop rotation with resistant and susceptible crops to manipulate nematode populations, is poorly documented for chickpea. Our research tested the effectiveness of crop rotation and nematicide against P. thornei populations for assessing yield loss in chickpea. First-year field plots included canola, linseed, canaryseed, wheat and a fallow treatment, all with and without the nematicide aldicarb. The following year, aldicarb was reapplied and plots were re-cropped with four chickpea cultivars and one intolerant wheat cultivar. Highest P. thornei populations were after wheat, at 0.45–0.6 m soil depth. Aldicarb was effective to just 0.3 m for wheat and 0.45 m for other crops, and increased subsequent crop grain yield by only 6%. Canola, linseed and fallow treatments reduced P. thornei populations, but low mycorrhizal spore levels in the soil after canola and fallow treatments were associated with low chickpea yield. Canaryseed kept P. thornei populations low throughout the soil profile and maintained mycorrhizal spore densities, resulting in grain yield increases of up to 25% for chickpea cultivars and 55% for wheat when pre-cropped with canaryseed compared with wheat. Tolerance indices for chickpeas based on yield differences after paired wheat and canaryseed plots ranged from 80% for cv. Tyson to 95% for cv. Lasseter and this strategy is recommended for future use in assessing tolerance.

https://bioone.org/journals/crop-and-pasture-science/volume-65/issue-5/CP13441/Yield-response-in-chickpea-cultivars-and-wheat-following-crop-rotations/10.1071/CP13441.pdf

Yield response in chickpea cultivars and wheat following crop rotations affecting population densities of Pratylenchus thornei and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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Yield response in chickpea cultivars and wheat following crop rotations affecting population densities of Pratylenchus thornei and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi